235. Ginsberg MD, Busto R: Combating hyperthermia in
acute stroke: A significant clinical concern. Stroke
29:529–534, 1998.
236. Nussmeier NA: Management of temperature during
and after cardiac surgery. Tex Heart Inst J 32:472–
476, 2005.
237. Nussmeier NA, Cheng W, Marino M, et al: Tempe-
rature during cardiopulmonary bypass: The discre-
pancies between monitored sites. Anesth Analg
103:1373–1379, 2006.
238. Akata T, Setoguchi H, Shirozu K, et al: Reliability of
temperatures measured at standard monitoring
sites as an index of brain temperature during deep
hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass conducted
for thoracic aortic reconstruction. J Thorac Cardio-
vasc Surg 133:1559–1565, 2007.
239. Johnson RI, Fox MA, Grayson A, et al: Should we
rely on nasopharyngeal temperature during cardio-
pulmonary bypass? Perfusion 17:145–151, 2002.
240. Nathan HJ, Parlea L, Dupuis JY, et al: Safety of deli-
berate intraoperative and postoperative hypother-
mia for patients undergoing coronary artery
surgery: A randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 127:1270–1275, 2004.
241. Nathan HJ, Wells GA, Munson JL, et al: Neuropro-
tective effect of mild hypothermia in patients
undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardio-
pulmonary bypass: A randomized trial. Circulation
104:I85–I91, 2001.
242. Insler SR, O’Connor MS, Leventhal MJ, et al: Asso-
ciation between postoperative hypothermia and
adverse outcome after coronary artery bypass
surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 70:175–181, 2000.
243. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, et al: Periope-
rative maintenance of normothermia reduces the
incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized
clinical trial. JAMA 277:1127–1134, 1997.
244. Thong WY, Strickler AG, Li S, et al: Hyperthermia
in the forty-eight hours after cardiopulmonary
bypass. Anesth Analg 95:1489–1495, 2002.
245. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Grigore AM, et al:
Postoperative hyperthermia is associated with cog-
nitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft
surgery. Stroke 33:537–541, 2002.
246. Bar-Yosef S, Mathew JP, Newman MF, et al: Preven-
tion of cerebral hyperthermia during cardiac
surgery by limiting on-bypass rewarming in com-
bination with post-bypass body surface warming: A
feasibility study. Anesth Analg 99:641–646, 2004.
247. Rahn H: Body temperature and acid-base regula-
tion. Pneumonologie 151:87–94, 1974.
248. Murkin JM, Farrar JK, Tweed WA, et al: Cerebral
autoregulation and flow/metabolism coupling
during cardiopulmonary bypass: The influence of
Paco
2
. Anesth Analg 66:825–832, 1987.
249. Hickey PR, Hansen DD: Temperature and blood
gases: The clinical dilemma of acid-base manage-
ment for hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. In
Tinker JH (ed): Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Current
Concepts and Controversies. Philadelphia, WB
Saunders, 1989, pp 1–20.
250. Skaryak LA, Chai PJ, Kern FH, et al: Blood gas
management and degree of cooling: Effects on cere-
bral metabolism before and after circulatory arrest.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:1649–1657, 1995.
251. Kurth CD, O’Rourke MM, O’Hara IB: Comparison
of pH-stat and alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass
on cerebral oxygenation and blood flow in relation
to hypothermic circulatory arrest in piglets. Anes-
thesiology 89:110–118, 1998.
252. Sakamoto T, Kurosawa H, Shin’oka T, et al: The
influence of pH strategy on cerebral and collateral
circulation during hypothermic cardiopulmonary
bypass in cyanotic patients with heart disease:
Results of a randomized trial and real-time moni-
toring. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127:12–19, 2004.
253. Stephan H, Weyland A, Kazmaier S, et al: Acid-base
management during hypothermic cardiopulmo-
nary bypass does not affect cerebral metabolism but
does affect blood flow and neurological outcome. Br
J Anaesth 69:51–57, 1992.
254. Murkin JM, Martzke JS, Buchan AM, et al: A ran-
domized study of the influence of perfusion techni-
que and pH management strategy in 316 patients
undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: I. Mor-
tality and cardiovascular morbidity. J Thorac Car-
diovasc Surg 110:340–348, 1995.
255. Patel RL, Turtle MR, Chambers DJ, et al: Alpha-stat
acid-base regulation during cardiopulmonary
bypass improves neuropsychologic outcome in
patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:1267–1279, 1996.
256. Shann KG, Likosky DS, Murkin JM, et al: An evi-
dence-based review of the practice of cardiopulmo-
nary bypass in adults: A focus on neurologic injury,
glycemic control, hemodilution, and the inflamma-
tory response. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132:283–
290, 2006.
257. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, du Plessis AJ, et al: Develo-
pmental and neurologic effects of alpha-stat versus
pH-stat strategies for deep hypothermic cardiopul-
monary bypass in infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
121:374–383, 2001.
258. du Plessis AJ, Jonas RA, Wypij D, et al: Perioperative
effects of alpha-stat versus pH-stat strategies for deep
hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infants. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 114:991–1000, 1997.
259. Hindman BJ, Dexter F, Cutkomp J, et al: PH-stat
management reduces the cerebral metabolic rate for
oxygen during profound hypothermia (17 degrees
Celsius): A study during cardiopulmonary bypass in
rabbits. Anesthesiology 82:983–995, 1995.
260. Priestley MA, Golden JA, O’Hara IB, et al: Compa-
rison of neurologic outcome after deep hypother-
mic circulatory arrest with alpha-stat and pH-stat
cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn pigs. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 121:336–343, 2001.
261. Hiramatsu T, Miura T, Forbess JM, et al: PH strate-
gies and cerebral energetics before and after circu-
latory arrest. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:948–958,
1995.
262. Markowitz SD, Mendoza-Paredes A, Liu H, et al:
Response of brain oxygenation and metabolism to
deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in newborn
piglets: Comparison of pH-stat and alpha-stat stra-
tegies. Ann Thorac Surg 84:170–176, 2007.
263. Groom RC, Froebe S, Martin J, et al: Update on
pediatric perfusion practice in North America: 2005
survey. J Extra Corpor Technol 37:343–350, 2005.
264. Wan S, LeClerc JL, Vincent JL: Inflammatory res-
ponse to cardiopulmonary bypass: Mechanisms
involved and possible therapeutic strategies. Chest
112:676–692, 1997.
265. Nieman G, Searles B, Carney D, et al: Systemic infla-
mmation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass: A
review of pathogenesis and treatment. J Extra
Corpor Technol 31:202–210, 1999.
266. Schulze C, Conrad N, Schutz A, et al: Reduced
expression of systemic proinflammatory cytokines
after off-pump versus conventional coronary artery
bypass grafting. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:364–
369, 2000.
267. Parolari A, Camera M, Alamanni F, et al: Systemic
inflammation after on-pump and off-pump coro-
nary bypass surgery: A one-month follow-up. Ann
Thorac Surg 84:823–828, 2007.
268. Searles B: Ultrafiltration techniques and CPB: What
we know and what we think we know. J Extra
Corpor Technol 38:64–65, 2006.
269. Tallman RD, Dumond M, Brown D: Inflammatory
mediator removal by zero-balance ultrafiltration
during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 17:111–
115, 2002.
270. Carrier M, Denault A, Lavoie J, et al: Randomized
controlled trial of pericardial blood processing with
a cell-saving device on neurologic markers in
elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 82:51–55, 2006.
271. Boldt J, Knothe C, Welters I, et al: Normothermic
versus hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: Do
changes in coagulation differ? Ann Thorac Surg
62:130–135, 1996.
272. Ohata T, Mitsuno M, Yamamura M, et al: Minimal
cardiopulmonary bypass attenuates neutrophil acti-
vation and cytokine release in coronary artery
bypass grafting. J Artif Organs 10:92–95, 2007.
273. Fromes Y, Gaillard D, Ponzio O, et al: Reduction of
the inflammatory response following coronary
bypass grafting with total minimal extracorporeal
circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:527–533,
2002.
274. el Habbal MH, Smith LJ, Elliott MJ, et al: Cardiopul-
monary bypass tubes and prime solutions stimulate
neutrophil adhesion molecules. Cardiovasc Res
33:209–215, 1997.
275. Rastan AJ, Eckenstein JI, Hentschel B, et al: Emer-
gency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for acute
coronary syndrome: Beating heart versus conven-
tional cardioplegic cardiac arrest strategies. Circu-
lation 114:I477–I485, 2006.
276. Leacche M, Carrier M, Bouchard D, et al: Improving
neurologic outcome in off-pump surgery: The “no
touch” technique. Heart Surg Forum 6:169–175,
2003.
277. Sedrakyan A, Wu AW, Parashar A, et al: Off-pump
surgery is associated with reduced occurrence of
stroke and other morbidity as compared with tradi-
tional coronary artery bypass grafting: A meta-
analysis of systematically reviewed trials. Stroke
37:2759–2769, 2006.
278. Ashraf S, Butler J, Tian Y, et al: Inflammatory media-
tors in adults undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass:
Comparison of centrifugal and roller pumps. Ann
Thorac Surg 65:480–484, 1998.
279. Baufreton C, Intrator L, Jansen PG, et al: Inflamma-
tory response to cardiopulmonary bypass using
roller or centrifugal pumps. Ann Thorac Surg
67:972–977, 1999.
280. de Vroege R, van Oeveren W, van Klarenbosch J, et
al: The impact of heparin-coated cardiopulmonary
bypass circuits on pulmonary function and the
release of inflammatory mediators. Anesth Analg
98:1586–1594, 2004.
281. Deptula J, Glogowski K, Merrigan K, et al: Evalua-
tion of biocompatible cardiopulmonary bypass
circuit use during pediatric open heart surgery. J
Extra Corpor Technol 38:22–26, 2006.
282. Ikuta T, Fujii H, Shibata T, et al: A new poly-2-me-
thoxyethylacrylate–coated cardiopulmonary bypass
circuit possesses superior platelet preservation and
inflammatory suppression efficacy. Ann Thorac
Surg 77:1678–1683, 2004.
283. Shimamoto A, Kanemitsu S, Fujinaga K, et al: Bio-
compatibility of silicone-coated oxygenator in car-
diopulmonarybypass.AnnThoracSurg69:115–120,
2000.
284. Alexiou C, Sheppard S, Tang A, et al: Leukocytes-
depleting filters preferentially remove activated
leukocytes and reduce the expression of surface
adhesion molecules during the simulated extracor-
poreal circulation of human blood. ASAIO J
52:438–444, 2006.
285. Chen YF, Tsai WC, Lin CC, et al: Leukocyte deple-
tion attenuates expression of neutrophil adhesion
molecules during cardiopulmonary bypass in
human beings. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123:218–
224, 2002.
286. Chen YF, Tsai WC, Lin CC, et al: Effect of leukocyte
depletion on endothelial cell activation and tran-
sendothelial migration of leukocytes during cardio-
pulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 78:634–642,
2004.
287. Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Ferrara CA, Tierney N, et al:
Strategic leukocyte depletion reduces pulmonary
microvascular pressure and improves pulmonary
status post–cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion
18(Suppl 1)23–31, 2003.
288. Samankatiwat P, Samartzis I, Lertsithichai P, et al:
Leucocyte depletion in cardiopulmonary bypass: A
comparison of four strategies. Perfusion 18:95–105,
2003.
289. Mojcik CF, Levy JH: Aprotinin and the systemic
inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary
bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 71:745–754, 2001.
290. Goudeau JJ, Clermont G, Guillery O, et al: In high-
risk patients, combination of antiinflammatory pro-
cedures during cardiopulmonary bypass can reduce
incidences of inflammation and oxidative stress. J
Cardiovasc Pharmacol 49:39–45, 2007.
1736
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
IV