291. Rubens FD, Mesana T: The inflammatory response
to cardiopulmonary bypass: A therapeutic overview.
Perfusion 19(Suppl 1)S5–S12, 2004.
292. Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG: Hypothermia, circu-
latory arrest, and cardiopulmonary bypass. In
Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (eds): Cardiac
Surgery, 2nd ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone,
1993, pp 61–127.
293. Dorotta I, Kimball-Jones P, Applegate R: I.I. Deep
hypothermia and circulatory arrest in adults. Semin
Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 11:66–76, 2007.
294. Edmonds HL Jr, Rodriguez RA, Audenaert SM, et al:
The role of neuromonitoring in cardiovascular
surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:15–23, 1996.
295. Cook RC, Gao M, Macnab AJ, et al: Aortic arch
reconstruction: Safety of moderate hypothermia
and antegrade cerebral perfusion during systemic
circulatory arrest. J Card Surg 21:158–164, 2006.
296. Duebener LF, Sakamoto T, Hatsuoka S, et al: Effects
of hematocrit on cerebral microcirculation and
tissue oxygenation during deep hypothermic
bypass. Circulation 104:I260–I264, 2001.
297. Jonassen AE, Quaegebeur JM, Young WL: Cerebral
blood flow velocity in pediatric patients is reduced
after cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypo-
thermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:934–943,
1995.
298. Li Z, Yang L, Jackson M, et al: Increased pressure
during retrograde cerebral perfusion in an acute
porcine model improves brain tissue perfusion
without increase in tissue edema. Ann Thorac Surg
73:1514–1521, 2002.
299. Di Eusanio M, Ciano M, Labriola G, et al: Cannula-
tion of the innominate artery during surgery of the
thoracic aorta: Our experience in 55 patients. Eur J
Cardiothorac Surg 32:270–273, 2007.
300. Gega A, Rizzo JA, Johnson MH, et al: Straight deep
hypothermic arrest: Experience in 394 patients
supports its effectiveness as a sole means of brain
preservation. Ann Thorac Surg 84:759–766, 2007.
301. Harrington DK, Fragomeni F, Bonser RS: Cerebral
perfusion. Ann Thoras Surg 83:S799–804, 2007.
302. Boudoulas H, Rittgers SE, Lewis RP, et al: Changes
in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents:
Implication for myocardial perfusion. Circulation
60:164–169, 1979.
303. London M, Mittnacht A, Kaplan JA: Anesthesia for
myocardial revascularization. In Kaplan JA (ed):
Kaplan’s Cardiac Anesthesia. Philadelphia, Saunders
Elsevier, 2006, pp 585–643.
304. Okum G, Horrow JC: Anesthetic management of
myocardial revascularization. In Hensley FA,
Martin DE, Gravlee GP (eds): A Practical Approach
to Cardiac Anesthesia. Philadelphia, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2008, pp 299–315.
305. Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Kutner M, et al: Off-pump
techniques disproportionately benefit women and
narrow the gender disparity in outcomes after coro-
nary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 116:I192–
I199, 2007.
306. Mack M, Bachand D, Acuff T, et al: Improved outco-
mes in coronary artery bypass grafting with bea-
ting-heart techniques. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
124:598–607, 2002.
307. Grundeman PF, Borst C, van Herwaarden JA, et al:
Vertical displacement of the beating heart by the
octopus tissue stabilizer: Influence on coronary
flow. Ann Thorac Surg 65:1348–1352, 1998.
308. Grundeman PF, Borst C, Verlaan CW, et al: Expo-
sure of circumflex branches in the tilted, beating
porcine heart: Echocardiographic evidence of right
ventricular deformation and the effect of right or
left heart bypass. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 118:316–
323, 1999.
309. George SJ, Al-Ruzzeh S, Amrani M: Mitral annulus
distortion during beating heart surgery: A potential
cause for hemodynamic disturbance—a three-di-
mensional echocardiography reconstruction study.
Ann Thorac Surg 73:1424–1430, 2002.
310. Mishra M, Shrivastava S, Dhar A, et al: A prospec-
tive evaluation of hemodynamic instability during
off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardio-
thorac Vasc Anesth 17:452–458, 2003.
311. Nierich AP, Diephuis J, Jansen EW, et al: Heart
displacement during off-pump CABG: How well
is it tolerated? Ann Thorac Surg 70:466–472,
2000.
312. Mathison M, Edgerton JR, Horswell JL, et al: Analy-
sis of hemodynamic changes during beating heart
surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1355–
1360, 2000.
313. Chassot PG, van der Linden P, Zaugg M, et al: Off-
pump coronary artery bypass surgery: Physiology
and anaesthetic management. Br J Anaesth 92:400–
413, 2004.
314. Mack MJ, Pfister A, Bachand D, et al: Comparison
of coronary bypass surgery with and without car-
diopulmonary bypass in patients with multivessel
disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127:167–173,
2004.
315. Patel NC, Patel NU, Loulmet DF, et al: Emergency
conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass during
attempted off-pump revascularization results in
increased morbidity and mortality. JThorac Cardio-
vasc Surg 128:655–661, 2004.
316. Racz MJ, Hannan EL, IsomOW, et al: A comparison
of short- and long-term outcomes after off-pump
and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery
with sternotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:557–564,
2004.
317. Khan NE, De Souza A, Mister R, et al: A randomized
comparison of off-pump and on-pump multivessel
coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med
350:21–28, 2004.
318. Puskas JD, Williams WH, Mahoney EM, et al: Off-
pump vs conventional coronary artery bypass graf-
ting: Early and 1-year graft patency, cost, and
quality-of-life outcomes: A randomized trial. JAMA
291:1841–1849, 2004.
319. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Djaiani G, et al: Off-
pump coronary artery surgery for reducing morta-
lity and morbidity: Meta-analysis of randomized
and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol
46:872–882, 2005.
320. Lim E, Drain A, Davies W, et al: A systematic review
of randomized trials comparing revascularization
rate and graft patency of off-pump and conventio-
nal coronary surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
132:1409–1413, 2006.
321. Puskas JD, Edwards FH, Pappas PA, et al: Off-pump
techniques benefit men and women and narrow the
disparity in mortality after coronary bypass graf-
ting. Ann Thorac Surg 84:1447–1454, 2007.
322. Holzhey DM, Jacobs S, Mochalski M, et al: Seven-
year follow-up after minimally invasive direct coro-
nary artery bypass: Experience with more than 1300
patients. Ann Thorac Surg 83:108–114, 2007.
323. Thiele H, Oettel S, Jacobs S, et al: Comparison of
bare-metal stenting with minimally invasive bypass
surgery for stenosis of the left anterior descending
coronary artery: A 5-year follow-up. Circulation
112:3445–3450, 2005.
324. Diegeler A, Thiele H, Falk V, et al: Comparison of
stenting with minimally invasive bypass surgery for
stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary
artery. N Engl J Med 347:561–566, 2002.
325. Cisowski M, Drzewiecki J, Drzewiecka-Gerber A, et
al: Primary stenting versus MIDCAB: Preliminary
report—Comparison of two methods of revascula-
rization in single left anterior descending coronary
artery stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 74:S1334–S1339,
2002.
326. Drenth DJ, Veeger NJ, Winter JB, et al: A prospective
randomized trial comparing stenting with off-
pump coronary surgery for high-grade stenosis in
the proximal left anterior descending coronary
artery: Three-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol
40:1955–1960, 2002.
327. Zimrin D, Reyes PA, Reicher B, et al: A hybrid alter-
native for high risk left main disease. Catheter Car-
diovasc Interv 69:123–127, 2007.
328. Katz MR, Van Praet F, de Canniere D, et al: Integra-
ted coronary revascularization: Percutaneous coro-
nary intervention plus robotic totally endoscopic
coronary artery bypass. Circulation 114:I473–I476,
2006.
329. Otto CM: Valvular heart disease: Prevalence and
clinical outcomes. In Otto CM (ed): Valvular Heart
Disease, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2004,
pp 1–17.
330. Borger MA, Alam A, Murphy PM, et al: Chronic
ischemic mitral regurgitation: Repair, replace or
rethink? Ann Thorac Surg 81:1153–1161, 2006.
331. Carpentier A: Cardiac valve surgery—the “French
correction”. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86:323–337,
1983.
332. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al: ACC/
AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of
patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
(Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines
for the Management of Patients with Valvular
Heart Disease) developed in collaboration with the
Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists
endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angio-
graphy and Interventions and the Society of Tho-
racic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:e1–e148,
2006.
333. Carabello BA: Modern management of mitral ste-
nosis. Circulation 112:432–437, 2005.
334. Otto CM, Davis KB, Reid CL, et al: Relation between
pulmonary artery pressure and mitral stenosis seve-
rity in patients undergoing balloon mitral commis-
surotomy. Am J Cardiol 71:874–878, 1993.
335. Klein AJ, Carroll JD: Left ventricular dysfunction
and mitral stenosis. Heart Fail Clin 2:443–452,
2006.
336. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al: Echo-
cardiographic prediction of survival after surgical
correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circula-
tion 90:830–837, 1994.
337. Wanishsawad C, Roongsritong C, Sitthi-Amorn C,
et al: Spontaneous echo contrast on transthoracic
echocardiography and left atrial thrombus in rheu-
matic mitral valve disease patients: A clinicopatho-
logic study. Clin Cardiol 17:547–551, 1994.
338. Lee KS, Stewart WJ, Savage RM, et al: Systolic ante-
rior motion of mitral valve after the posterior leaflet
sliding advancement procedure. Ann Thorac Surg
57:1338–1340, 1994.
339. Alfieri O, Maisano F, De Bonis M, et al: The double-
orifice technique in mitral valve repair: A simple
solution for complex problems. J Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 122:674–681, 2001.
340. Lee KS, Stewart WJ, Lever HM, et al: Mechanism of
outflow tract obstruction causing failed mitral valve
repair: Anterior displacement of leaflet coaptation.
Circulation 88:II24–II29, 1993.
341. Maslow AD, Regan MM, Haering JM, et al: Echo-
cardiographic predictors of left ventricular outflow
tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the
mitral valve after mitral valve reconstruction for
myxomatous valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol
34:2096–2104, 1999.
342. Cripe L, Andelfinger G, Martin LJ, et al: Bicuspid
aortic valve is heritable. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:138–
143, 2004.
343. Huntington K, Hunter AG, Chan KL: A prospective
study to assess the frequency of familial clustering
of congenital bicuspid aortic valve. J Am Coll
Cardiol 30:1809–1812, 1997.
344. Freeman RV, Otto CM: Spectrum of calcific aortic
valve disease: Pathogenesis, disease progression,
and treatment strategies. Circulation 111:3316–
3326, 2005.
345. Sukernik MR, Martin DE: Anesthetic management
for the surgical treatment of valvular heart diseases.
In
Hensley FA, Martin DE, Gravlee GP (eds): A
Practical Approach to Cardiac Anesthesia, 4th ed.
Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008,
pp 316–347.
346. Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, et al: Prevalence and
clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic
regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J
Cardiol 83:897–902, 1999.
347. Bekeredjian R, Grayburn PA: Valvular heart disease:
Aortic regurgitation. Circulation 112:125–134,
2005.
Anestesia para los procedimientos de cirugía cardíaca
1737
50
Sección IV
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito