Miller Anestesia

155. Kopman AF, Klewicka MM, Kopman DJ, Neuman

GG: Molar potency is predictive of the speed of

onset of neuromuscular block for agents of inter-

mediate, short, and ultrashort duration.Anesthesio-

logy 90:425–431, 1999.

156. Donati F, Meistelman C: A kinetic-dynamic model

to explain the relationship between high potency

and slow onset time for neuromuscular blocking

drugs. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 19:537–552,

1991.

157. Kopman AF, Klewicka MM, Neuman GG: Molar

potency is not predictive of the speed of onset of

atracurium. Anesth Analg 89:1046–1049, 1999.

158. Naguib M, Kopman AF: Low dose rocuronium for

tracheal intubation. Middle East J Anesthesiol

17:193–204, 2003.

159. Bevan DR: The new relaxants: Are they worth it?

Can J Anaesth 46:R88–R100, 1999.

160. Meistelman C, Plaud B, Donati F: Rocuronium

(ORG 9426) neuromuscular blockade at the adduc-

tor muscles of the larynx and adductor pollicis in

humans. Can J Anaesth 39:665–669, 1992.

161. Wright PM, Caldwell JE, Miller RD: Onset and

duration of rocuronium and succinylcholine at the

adductor pollicis and laryngeal adductor muscles in

anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 81:1110–

1105, 1994.

162. Plaud B, Debaene B, Lequeau F, et al: Mivacurium

neuromuscular block at the adductor muscles of the

larynx and adductor pollicis in humans. Anesthe-

siology 85:77–81, 1996.

163. Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Hanusa C, et al: Simul-

taneous determination of neuromuscular block at

the larynx,diaphragm,adductor pollicis,orbicularis

oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles.Br JAnaesth

85:856–860, 2000.

164. Fisher DM,Szenohradszky J,Wright PM,et al: Phar-

macodynamic modeling of vecuronium-induced

twitch depression. Rapid plasma-effect site equili-

bration explains faster onset at resistant laryngeal

muscles than at the adductor pollicis. Anesthesio-

logy 86:558–566, 1997.

165. Donati F, Meistelman C, Plaud B: Vecuronium neu-

romuscular blockade at the diaphragm, the orbicula-

risoculi,andadductorpollicismuscles.Anesthesiology

73:870–875, 1990.

166. Mehta MP, Choi WW, Gergis SD, et al: Facilitation

of rapid endotracheal intubations with divided

doses of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking

drugs. Anesthesiology 62:392–395, 1985.

167. Engbaek J, Howardy-Hansen P, Ording H, Viby-

Mogensen J: Precurarization with vecuronium and

pancuronium in awake, healthy volunteers: The

influence on neuromuscular transmission and pul-

monary function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:117–

120, 1985.

168. Savarese JJ, Ali HH, Basta SJ, et al: The cardiovas-

cular effects of mivacurium chloride (BWB1090U)

in patients receiving nitrous oxide–opiate-barbi-

turate anesthesia. Anesthesiology 70:386–394,

1989.

169. Meistelman C, Plaud B, Donati F: Neuromuscular

effects of succinylcholine on the vocal cords and

adductor pollicis muscles. Anesth Analg 73:278–

282, 1991.

170. Wierda JM, Kleef UW, Lambalk LM, et al: The phar-

macodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Org 9426,

a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking

agent, in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide,

halothane and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 38:430–435,

1991.

171. Kopman AF, Klewicka MM, Neuman GG: Reexami-

ned: The recommended endotracheal intubating

dose for nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers

of rapid onset. Anesth Analg 93:954–959, 2001.

172. Miguel RV, Soto R, Dyches P: A double-blind, ran-

domized comparison of low-dose rocuronium and

atracurium in a desflurane anesthetic. J Clin Anesth

13:325–329, 2001.

173. Agoston S, Vermeer GA, Kertsten UW, Meijer DK:

The fate of pancuronium bromide in man. Acta

Anaesthesiol Scand 17:267–275, 1973.

174. Duvaldestin P, Agoston S, Henzel D, et al: Pancuro-

nium pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirr-

hosis. Br J Anaesth 50:1131–1136, 1978.

175. Somogyi AA, Shanks CA, Triggs EJ: Disposition

kinetics of pancuronium bromide in patients with

total biliary obstruction. Br J Anaesth 49:1103–

1108, 1977.

176. MolWE,Fokkema GN,Weert B,Meijer DK: Mecha-

nisms for the hepatic uptake of organic cations.

Studies with the muscle relaxant vecuronium in

isolated rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther

244:268–275, 1988.

177. Caldwell JE, Szenohradszky J, Segredo V, et al: The

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the

metabolite 3-desacetylvecuronium (ORG 7268) and

its parent compound,vecuronium,in human volun-

teers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1216–1222, 1994.

178. Arden JR, Lynam DP, Castagnoli KP, et al: Vecuro-

nium in alcoholic liver disease: A pharmacokinetic

and pharmacodynamic analysis. Anesthesiology

68:771–776, 1988.

179. Segredo V, Caldwell JE, Matthay MA, et al: Persis-

tent paralysis in critically ill patients after long-term

administration of vecuronium. N Engl J Med

327:524–528, 1992.

180. Khuenl-Brady K, Castagnoli KP, Canfell PC, et al:

The neuromuscular blocking effects and pharmaco-

kinetics of ORG 9426 and ORG 9616 in the cat.

Anesthesiology 72:669–674, 1990.

181. Smit JW,Duin E,Steen H,et al: Interactions between

P-glycoprotein substrates and other cationic drugs

at the hepatic excretory level. Br J Pharmacol

123:361–370, 1998.

182. Head-Rapson AG, Devlin JC, Parker CJ, Hunter JM:

Pharmacokinetics of the three isomers of mivacu-

rium and pharmacodynamics of the chiral mixture

in hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 73:613–618, 1994.

183. Head-Rapson AG, Devlin JC, Parker CJ, Hunter JM:

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the

three isomers of mivacurium in health, in end-stage

renal failure and in patients with impaired renal

function. Br J Anaesth 75:31–36, 1995.

184. Caldwell JE, Heier T, Kitts JB, et al: Comparison of

the neuromuscular block induced by mivacurium,

suxamethonium or atracurium during nitrous

oxide–fentanyl anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 63:393–

399, 1989.

185. Goudsouzian NG, d’Hollander AA,Viby-Mogensen

J: Prolonged neuromuscular block from mivacu-

rium in two patients with cholinesterase deficiency.

Anesth Analg 77:183–185, 1993.

186. Maddineni VR, Mirakhur RK: Prolonged neuro-

muscular block following mivacurium. Anesthesio-

logy 78:1181–1184, 1993.

187. Ostergaard D, Jensen FS, Jensen E, et al: Mivacu-

rium-induced neuromuscular blockade in patients

with atypical plasma cholinesterase.Acta Anaesthe-

siol Scand 37:314–318, 1993.

188. Naguib M, el-Gammal M, Daoud W, et al: Human

plasma cholinesterase for antagonism of prolonged

mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

Anesthesiology 82:1288–1292, 1995.

189. Neill EA, Chapple DJ, Thompson CW: Metabolism

and kinetics of atracurium: An overview. Br J

Anaesth 55(Suppl 1)23S–25S, 1983.

190. Stiller RL, Cook DR, Chakravorti S: In vitro degra-

dation of atracurium in human plasma.Br JAnaesth

57:1085–1088, 1985.

191. Fisher DM, Canfell PC, Fahey MR, et al: Elimina-

tion of atracurium in humans: Contribution of

Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis versus

organ-based elimination. Anesthesiology 65:6–12,

1986.

192. Canfell PC, Castagnoli N Jr, Fahey MR, et al: The

metabolic disposition of laudanosine in dog, rabbit,

and man. Drug Metab Dispos 14:703–708, 1986.

193. Parker CJ, Hunter JM: Pharmacokinetics of atracu-

rium and laudanosine in patients with hepatic cirr-

hosis. Br J Anaesth 62:177–183, 1989.

194. Yate PM, Flynn PJ, Arnold RW, et al: Clinical expe-

rience and plasma laudanosine concentrations

during the infusion of atracurium in the intensive

therapy unit. Br J Anaesth 59:211–217, 1987.

195. Beemer GH, Bjorksten AR, Dawson PJ, Crankshaw

DP: Production of laudanosine following infusion

of atracurium in man and its effects on awakening.

Br J Anaesth 63:76–80, 1989.

196. Tateishi A, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Canfell PC:

Electroencephalographic effects of laudanosine in

an animal model of epilepsy. Br J Anaesth 62:548–

552, 1989.

197. Lanier WL, Sharbrough FW, Michenfelder JD:

Effects of atracurium, vecuronium or pancuronium

pretreatment on lignocaine seizure thresholds in

cats. Br J Anaesth 60:74–80, 1988.

198. Shi WZ, Fahey MR, Fisher DM, Miller RD: Modifi-

cation of central nervous system effects of laudano-

sine by inhalation anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth

63:598–600, 1989.

199. Chapple DJ, Miller AA,Ward JB,Wheatley PL: Car-

diovascular and neurological effects of laudanosine.

Studies in mice and rats, and in conscious and

anaesthetized dogs. Br J Anaesth 59:218–225, 1987.

200. Powles AB, Ganta R: Use of vecuronium in the

management of tetanus. Anaesthesia 40:879–881,

1985.

201. Kinjo M, Nagashima H, Vizi ES: Effect of atracu-

rium and laudanosine on the release of

H-noradre-

naline. Br J Anaesth 62:683–690, 1989.

202. Lien CA, Schmith VD, Belmont MR, et al: Pharma-

cokinetics of cisatracurium in patients receiving

nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Anes-

thesiology 84:300–308, 1996.

203. Kisor DF, Schmith VD, Wargin WA, et al: Impor-

tance of the organ-independent elimination of

cisatracurium. Anesth Analg 83:1065–1071, 1996.

204. Fahey MR, Rupp SM, Fisher DM, et al: The pharma-

cokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in

patients with and without renal failure. Anesthesio-

logy 61:699–702, 1984.

205. Ward S, Boheimer N,Weatherley BC, et al: Pharma-

cokinetics of atracurium and its metabolites in

patients with normal renal function, and in patients

in renal failure. Br J Anaesth 59:697–706, 1987.

206. Szenohradszky J, Fisher DM, Segredo V, et al: Phar-

macokinetics of rocuronium bromide (ORG 9426)

in patients with normal renal function or patients

undergoing cadaver renal transplantation.Anesthe-

siology 77:899–904, 1992.

207. Khalil M, D’Honneur G, Duvaldestin P, et al: Phar-

macokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuro-

nium in patients with cirrhosis. Anesthesiology

80:1241–1247, 1994.

208. Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, et al: Pharma-

cokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium

(Org 9426) in elderly surgical patients. Anesth

Analg 77:1193–1197, 1993.

209. Magorian T, Wood P, Caldwell J, et al: The pharma-

cokinetics and neuromuscular effects of rocuro-

nium bromide in patients with liver disease.Anesth

Analg 80:754–759, 1995.

210. van Miert MM, Eastwood NB, Boyd AH, et al: The

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocu-

ronium in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Clin

Pharmacol 44:139–144, 1997.

211. De Wolf AM, Freeman JA, Scott VL, et al: Pharma-

cokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracu-

rium in patients with end-stage liver disease

undergoing liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth

76:624–628, 1996.

212. Anaesthetists and the reporting of adverse drug

reactions. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292:949, 1986.

213. Basta SJ: Modulation of histamine release by neu-

romuscular blocking drugs. Curr Opin Anaesth

5:572–576, 1992.

672

Farmacología y anestesia