Basis of Therapeutics
. A continuación resulta prudente consultar
con dos expertos sobre el fármaco o la enfermedad y determinar
quién es el mejor capacitado para cuidar del paciente. El experto
mejor preparado debería ser observado mientras atiende al
paciente, no sólo preoperatoria e intraoperatoriamente, sino
también en el postoperatorio. Es importante recordar que pocos
ensayos controlados prospectivos han demostrado que ninguna
técnica, tratamiento o manejo preoperatorio reduzca el riesgo
perioperatorio. Sin embargo, el sentido común y el conocimiento
a priori de los posibles errores, además de la diligencia en evi
tarlos, deberían reducir las complicaciones perioperatorias
evitables.
Bibliografía
1. Thorpe KE, Howard DH, Galactionova K: Differen-
ces in disease prevalence as a source of the U.S.
-European health care spending gap. Health Affairs
26:w678–w686, 2007.
2. Wei JY: Age and the cardiovascular system. N Engl
J Med 327:1735, 1992.
3. Perioperative medicine.
In
Medical Knowledge Self-
Assessment Program 14,General Internal Medicine.
Philadelphia,American College of Physicians, 2006,
p 128.
4. Roizen M: The preoperative cardiology consult:
What the cardiologist should know about anesthe-
sia. In Parmley W, Chatterjee K (eds): Cardiology.
Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, p 1.
5. Wilson SH, Fasseas P, Orford JL, et al: Clinical
outcome of patients undergoing non-cardiac
surgery in the two months following coronary
stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:234–240, 2003.
6. Fleisher LA, Eagle KA: Clinical practice. Lowering
cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med
345:1677, 2001.
7. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al: Mul-
tifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac sur-
gical procedures. N Engl J Med 297:845, 1977.
8. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al: ACC/
AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular
evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery—a report
of the American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
(Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on
Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncar-
diac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol 50:159–211, 2007.
9. Krinsley JS: Effect of an intensive glucose manage-
ment protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult
patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992–1000, 2004.
10. AdvanceCollabor
ativeGroup:Intensivebroadglucosecontrol and vascular outcomes in patients with type
2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2560–2572, 2008.
11. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al:
Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N
Engl J Med 345:1359–1367, 2001.
12. Ingels C, Debaveye Y, Milants I, et al: Strict blood
glucose control with insulin after cardiac surgery:
Impact on 4-year survival, depending on medical
care, and quality of life. Eur Heart J 27:2716–2724,
2006.
13. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW: Glucose
control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA
290:2041–2047, 2003.
14. Krinsley JS: Association between hyperglycemia
and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous
population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc
78:1471–1478, 2003.
15. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
(DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions
and Complications Research Group: Retinopathy
and nephropathy in patients with type I diabetes
four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl
J Med 342:381–389, 2000.
16. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Tight blood
pressure control and risk of macrovascular and
microvascular complications in type II diabetes.
BMJ 317:703–713, 1998.
17. Albacker T, Carvalho G, Schricker T, et al: High-
dose insulin therapy attenuates systemic inflamma-
tion response in coronary artery bypass grafting
patients. Ann Thorac Surg 86:20–27, 2008.
18. Freeman R: Autonomic peripheral neuropathy.
Lancet 365:1259–1270, 2005.
19. Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP: Preopera-
tive autonomic function abnormalities in patients
with diabetes mellitus and patients with hyperten-
sion. J Am Coll Surg 179:1, 1994.
20. Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA: Local anesthetic–
induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in
streptozotocin-diabetic rats.Anesthesiology 77:941,
1992.
21. Roizen MF: RealAge: Are You As Young As You Can
Be? New York, HarperCollins, 1999.
22. Roizen MF: The RealAge Makeover: Take Years Off
Your Looks and Add Them to Your Life! New York,
HarperCollins, 2004.
23. Roizen MF, Oz MC: YOU: The Owner’s Manual.
New York, HarperCollins, 2005.
24. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Ecklund DJ, et al:
Secondary prevention of mascrovascular events in
patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study
(PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macro
Vascular Events): A randomized controlled trial.
Lancet 366:1279–1289, 2005.
25. Nolan CM, Beaty HN, Bagdade JD: Further charac-
terization of the impaired bactericidal function of
granulocytes in patients with poorly controlled
diabetes. Diabetes 27:889, 1978.
26. Cruse PJ, Foord R: A 5-year prospective study of
23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 107:206, 1973.
27. Longstreth WT, Inui TS: High blood glucose level
on hospital admission and poor neurological
recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15:59,
1984.
28. Johnson WD, Pedraza PM, Kayser KL: Coronary
artery surgery in diabetics: 261 consecutive patients
followed four to seven years. Am Heart J 104:823–
827, 1982.
29. Borow KM, Jaspan JB, Williams KA, et al: Myocar-
dial mechanics in young adult patients with diabetes
mellitus: Effects of altered load, inotropic state and
dynamic exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:1508, 1990.
30. Chiasson JL, Aris-Jilwan N, Belanger R, et al: Diag-
nosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and the
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. CMAJ 168:859–
866, 2003.
31. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Research Group: Effect of intensive therapy on
residual
b
-cell function in patients with type 1
diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications
Trial. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern
Med 128:517, 1998.
32. Ramanathan S, Khoo P, Arismendy J: Perioperative
maternal and neonatal acid-base status and glucose
metabolism in patients with insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. Anesth Analg 73:105, 1991.
33. Khuri SF, Daley J, Henderson W, et al: Risk adjus-
tment of the postoperative mortality rate for the
comparative assessment of the quality of surgical
care: Results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgi-
cal Risk Study. J Am Coll Surg 185:315, 1997.
34. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al:
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Preven-
tion of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifes-
tyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
N Engl J Med 344:1343–1350, 2001.
35. Ravid M, Brosh D, Levi Z, et al: Use of enalapril to
attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive,
normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus.A randomized, controlled trial.Ann Intern
Med 128:982, 1998.
36. Page MM, Watkins PJ: Cardiorespiratory arrest
and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet 1:14,
1978.
37. Pasternak JJ, McGregor DG, Schroeder DR, et al:
Hypoglycemia in patients undergoing cerebral
aneurysm surgery: Its association with long-term
gross neurologic and neuropsychological function.
Mayo Clin Proc 83:406–417, 2008.
38. Larsen ML, Illingworth DR: Drug treatment of
dyslipoproteinemia. Med Clin North Am 78:225,
1994.
39. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al: Primary
prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin
in men and women with average cholesterol levels.
Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 279:1615,
1998.
40. Fowkes FGR, Price JF, Leng GC: Targeting subclini-
cal atherosclerosis. BMJ 316:1764, 1998.
41. Nissen SE, Tazcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al: Effect of
intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering
therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 291:1071–1080,
2004.
42. Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, et al: Respiratory
system mechanics in sedated, paralyzed, morbidly
obese patients. J Appl Physiol 82:811–818, 1997.
43. Daniels L: Good nutrition for good surgery: Clini-
cal and quality of life outcomes. Australian Pres-
criber 26:136–140, 2003.
44. Donini LM, Savina C, Cannella C: Eating habits and
appetite control in the elderly: The anorexia of
aging. Int Psychogeriatr 15:73–87, 2003.
45. Veterans Administration Total Parenteral Nutrition
Cooperative Study Group: Perioperative total
parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J
Med 325:525, 1991.
46. Nicholas JM, Cornelius MW, Tchorz KM, et al: A
two institution experience with 226 endoscopically
placed jejunal feeding tubes in critically ill surgical
patients. Am J Surg 186:583–590, 2003.
47. Starker PM, La Sala PA, Askanazi J, et al: The res-
ponses to TPN, a form of nutritional assessment.
Ann Surg 198:720, 1983.
48. Udelsman R, Ramp J, Gallucci WT, et al: Adaptation
during surgical stress: A reevaluation of the role of
glucocorticoids. J Clin Invest 77:1377, 1986.
49. Lampe GH, Roizen MF: Anesthesia for patients
with abnormal function of the adrenal cortex.Anes-
thesiol Clin North Am 5:245, 1987.
50. Ezzat S,Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al: The prevalence
of pituitary adenomas: A systematic review. Cancer
101:613–619, 2004.
51. Symreng T, Karlberg BE, Kågedal B, et al: Physiolo-
gical cortisol substitution of long-term steroid-
treated patients undergoing major surgery. Br J
Anaesth 53:949, 1981.
52. Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, et al: A sim-
plifiedmorning corticotrophin-releasing hormone
stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of
adrenocorticotrophin-dependent
Cushing’s
syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1308, 1993.
53. Dorin RI, Qualls CR, Crapo LM: Diagnosis of
adrenal insufficiency.Ann Intern Med 139:194–204,
2003.
Implicaciones anestésicas de las enfermedades concurrentes
907
25
Sección III
Control de la anestesia
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito