345. de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker B, Lema MJ, et al:
Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine
therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer
patients. Anesthesiology 81:368-375, 1994.
346. Simon MJ, Veering BT, Stienstra R, et al: The effects
of age on neural blockade and hemodynamic
changes after epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine.
Anesth Analg 94:1325-1330, 2002.
347. Guinard JP, Mulroy MF, Carpenter RL: Aging
reduces the reliability of epidural epinephrine test
doses. Reg Anesth 20:193-198, 1995.
348. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al: Heart disease
and stroke statistics—2008 update: A report from
the American Heart Association Statistics Commit-
tee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation
117:e25-e146, 2008.
349. Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, et al:
Stroke incidence and survival among middle-aged
adults: 9-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk
in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke 30:736-743,
1999.
350. Brown RD, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, et al: Stroke inci-
dence, prevalence, and survival.;1; Secular trends in
Rochester, Minnesota, through 1989. Stroke 27:373-
380, 1996.
351. Elkins JS, Johnston SC: Thirty-year projections for
deaths from ischemic stroke in the United States.
Stroke 34:2109-2112, 2003.
352. Parikh S, Cohen JR: Perioperative stroke after
general surgical procedures. NY State J Med 93:162-
165, 1993.
353. Evans BA, Wijdicks EF: High-grade carotid stenosis
detected before general surgery: Is endarterectomy
indicated? Neurology 57:1328-1330, 2001.
354. Kwiatkowski TG, Libman RB, Frankel M, et al:
Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute
ischemic stroke at one year. National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group.
N Engl J Med 340:1781-1787, 1999.
355. Alberts MJ: Hyperacute stroke therapy with tissue
plasminogen activator. Am J Cardiol 80:29D-34D,
discussion 35D-39D, 1997.
356. Nesbit GM, Luh G, Tien R, Barnwell SL: New and
future endovascular treatment strategies for acute
ischemic stroke. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15:S103-S110,
2004.
357. Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al: Guide-
lines for the early management of adults with ische-
mic stroke: A guideline from the American Heart
Association/American Stroke Association Stroke
Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascu-
lar Radiology and Intervention Council, and the
Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and
Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdiscipli-
nary Working Groups: The American Academy of
Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an
educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 38:1655-
1711, 2007.
358. Beneficial effect: of carotid endarterectomy in
symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid ste-
nosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid
Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med
325:445-453, 1991.
359. Endarterectomy: for asymptomatic carotid artery
stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptoma-
tic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 273:1421-
1428, 1995.
360. Ecker RD, Pichelmann MA, Meissner I, Meyer FB:
Durability of carotid endarterectomy. Stroke
34:2941-2944, 2003.
361. DeBakey ME: Successful carotid endarterectomy
for cerebrovascular insufficiency. Nineteen-year
follow-up. JAMA 233:1083-1085, 1975.
362. Morasch MD, Parker MA, Feinglass J, et al: Carotid
endarterectomy: Characterization of recent increa-
ses in procedure rates. J Vasc Surg 31:901-909,
2000.
363. Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, et al: Guidelines
for carotid endarterectomy: A statement for health-
care professionals from a Special Writing Group of
the Stroke Council. American Heart Association.
Circulation 97:501-509, 1998.
364. Findlay JM, Tucker WS, Ferguson GG, et al: Guide-
lines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: Current
recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgi-
cal Society. CMAJ 157:653-659, 1997.
365. Pokras R, Dyken ML: Dramatic changes in the per-
formance of endarterectomy for diseases of the
extracranial arteries of the head. Stroke 19:1289-
1290, 1988.
366. Gillum RF: Epidemiology of carotid endarterec-
tomy and cerebral arteriography in the United
States. Stroke 26:1724-1728, 1995.
367. Winslow CM, Solomon DH, Chassin MR, et al: The
appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy. N Engl
J Med 318:721-727, 1988.
368. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: Interim
results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-
99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Euro-
pean Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group.
Lancet 337:1235-1243, 1991.
369. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al: Benefit of
carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptoma-
tic moderate or severe stenosis. North American
Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Colla-
borators. N Engl J Med 339:1415-1425, 1998.
370. Carotid surgery: versus medical therapy in asymp-
tomatic carotid stenosis. The CASANOVA Study
Group. Stroke 22:1229-1235, 1991.
371. Results of a randomized: controlled trial of
carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid
stenosis. Mayo Asymptomatic Carotid Endarte-
rectomy Study Group. Mayo Clin Proc 67:513-
518, 1992.
372. Hobson RW 2nd, Weiss DG, Fields WS, et al: Effi-
cacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic
carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Coopera-
tive Study Group. N Engl J Med 328:221-227,
1993.
373. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, et al: Prevention
of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid
endarterectomy in patients without recent neurolo-
gical symptoms: Randomised controlled trial.
Lancet 363:1491-1502, 2004.
374. Gross CP, Steiner CA, Bass EB, Powe NR: Relation
between prepublication release of clinical trial
results and the practice of carotid endarterectomy.
JAMA 284:2886-2893, 2000.
375. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP: A systematic
review of the risks of stroke and death due to endar-
terectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke
27:260-265, 1996.
376. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP: A systematic
comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to
carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and
asymptomatic stenosis. Stroke 27:266-269, 1996.
377. Palmer MA: Comparison of regional and general
anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg
157:329-330, 1989.
378. Zuccarello M, Yeh HS, Tew JM: Morbidity and mor-
tality of carotid endarterectomy under local anes-
thesia: A retrospective study. Neurosurgery
23:445-450, 1988.
379. Lepore MR Jr, Sternbergh WC 3rd, Salartash K, et
al: Influence of NASCET/ACAS trial eligibility on
outcome after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg
34:581-586, 2001.
380. Reed AB, Gaccione P, Belkin M, et al: Preoperative
risk factors for carotid endarterectomy: Defining
the patient at high risk. J Vasc Surg 37:1191-1199,
2003.
381. Gasparis AP, Ricotta L, Cuadra SA, et al: High-risk
carotid endarterectomy: Fact or fiction. J Vasc Surg
37:40-46, 2003.
382. Goldstein LB, McCrory DC, Landsman PB, et al:
Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for
carotid endarterectomy in patients with ipsilateral
symptoms. Stroke 25:1116-1121, 1994.
383. Estes JM, Guadagnoli E, Wolf R, et al: The impact of
cardiac comorbidity after carotid endarterectomy. J
Vasc Surg 28:577-584, 1998.
384. Cohen SN, Hobson RW 2nd, Weiss DG, Chimowitz
M: Death associated with asymptomatic carotid
artery stenosis: Long-term clinical evaluation. VA
Cooperative Study 167 Group. J Vasc Surg 18:1002-
1009, 1993, discussion 1009-1011.
385. Iyer SS, White CJ, Hopkins LN, et al: Carotid artery
revascularization in high-surgical-risk patients
using the Carotid WALLSTENT and FilterWire EX/
EZ: 1-year outcomes in the BEACH Pivotal Group.
J Am Coll Cardiol 51:427-434, 2008.
386. Ringleb PA, Chatellier G, Hacke W, et al: Safety of
endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis
compared with surgical treatment: A meta-analysis.
J Vasc Surg 47:350-355, 2008.
387. Brahmanandam S, Ding EL, Conte MS, et al: Clini-
cal results of carotid artery stenting compared with
carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 47:343-349,
2008.
388. Hertzer NR, Loop FD, Beven EG, et al: Surgical
staging for simultaneous coronary and carotid
disease: A study including prospective randomiza-
tion. J Vasc Surg 9:455-463, 1989.
389. Brown KR: Treatment of concomitant carotid and
coronary artery disease. Decision-making regar-
ding surgical options. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)
44:395-399, 2003.
390. Borger MA, Fremes SE, Weisel RD, et al: Coronary
bypass and carotid endarterectomy: Does a combi-
ned approach increase risk? A metaanalysis. Ann
Thorac Surg 68:14-20, discussion 21, 1999.
391. Rizzo RJ, Whittemore AD, Couper GS, et al: Com-
bined carotid and coronary revascularization: The
preferred approach to the severe vasculopath. Ann
Thorac Surg 54:1099-1108, discussion 1108-1109,
1992.
392. Roddy SP, Darling RC 3rd, Abrishamchian AR, et al:
Combined coronary artery bypass with carotid
endarterectomy: Do women have worse outcomes?
J Vasc Surg 36:555-558, 2002.
393. Darling RC 3rd, Dylewski M, Chang BB, et al: Com-
bined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery
bypass grafting does not increase the risk of perio-
perative stroke. Cardiovasc Surg 6:448-452, 1998.
394. Evagelopoulos N, Trenz MT, Beckmann A, Krian A:
Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary
artery bypass grafting in 313 patients. Cardiovasc
Surg 8:31-40, 2000.
395. Brown KR, Kresowik TF, Chin MH, et al: Multistate
population-based outcomes of combined carotid
endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. J Vasc
Surg 37:32-39, 2003.
396. Guzman LA, Costa MA, Angiolillo DJ, et al: A sys-
tematic review of outcomes in patients with staged
carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass
graft surgery. Stroke 39:361-365, 2008.
397. Freeman LJ, Nixon PG, Sallabank P, Reaveley D:
Psychological stress and silent myocardial ischemia.
Am Heart J 114:477-482, 1987.
398. Cucchiara RF, Benefiel DJ, Matteo RS, et al: Evalua-
tion of esmolol in controlling increases in heart rate
and blood pressure during endotracheal intubation
in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
Anesthesiology 65:528-531, 1986.
399. Blume WT, Ferguson GG, McNeill DK: Significance
of EEG changes at carotid endarterectomy. Stroke
17:891-897, 1986.
1808
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
IV