400. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM, Fode N, Sharbrough
FW: Isoflurane when compared to enflurane and
halothane decreases the frequency of cerebral
ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthe-
siology 67:336-340, 1987.
401. Messick JM Jr, Casement B, Sharbrough FW, et al:
Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
with EEG changes during isoflurane anesthesia for
carotid endarterectomy: Critical rCBF. Anesthesio-
logy 66:344-349, 1987.
402. Grady RE, Weglinski MR, Sharbrough FW, Perkins
WJ: Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow
with ischemic electroencephalographic changes
during sevoflurane–nitrous oxide anesthesia for
carotidendarterectomy.Anesthesiology88:892-897,
1998.
403. Smith I, Ding Y, White PF: Comparison of induc-
tion, maintenance, and recovery characteristics of
sevoflurane-N
2
O and propofol-sevoflurane-N
2
O
with propofol-isoflurane-N
2
O anesthesia. Anesth
Analg 74:253-259, 1992.
404. Jellish WS, Sheikh T, Baker WH, et al: Hemodyna-
mic stability, myocardial ischemia, and periopera-
tive outcome after carotid surgery with remifentanil/
propofol or isoflurane/fentanyl anesthesia. J Neuro-
surg Anesthesiol 15:176-184, 2003.
405. Smith JS, Roizen MF, Cahalan MK, et al: Does anes-
thetic technique make a difference? Augmentation
of systolic blood pressure during carotid endarte-
rectomy: Effects of phenylephrine versus light anes-
thesia and of isoflurane versus halothane on the
incidence of myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology
69:846-853, 1988.
406. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, Rich KM, Grubb RL Jr:
Computerized electroencephalographic monitoring
and selective shunting: Influence on intraoperative
administration of phenylephrine and myocardial
infarction after general anesthesia for carotid end
arterectomy. Neurosurgery 30:842-846, 1992.
407. Mutch WA, White IW, Donen N, et al: Haemodyna-
mic instability and myocardial ischaemia during
carotid endarterectomy: A comparison of propofol
and isoflurane. Can J Anaesth 42:577-587, 1995.
408. Gottlieb A, Satariano-Hayden P, Schoenwald P, et al:
The effects of carotid sinus nerve blockade on
hemodynamic stability after carotid endarterec-
tomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 11:67-71, 1997.
409. Fardo DJ, Hankins WT, Houskamp W, Robson L:
The hemodynamic effects of local anesthetic injec-
tion into the carotid body during carotid endarte-
rectomy. Am Surg 65:648-651, discussion 651-652,
1999.
410. Rockman CB, Riles TS, Gold M, et al: A comparison
of regional and general anesthesia in patients
undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg
24:946-953, discussion 953-956, 1996.
411. Shah DM, Darling RC 3rd, Chang BB, et al: Carotid
endarterectomy in awake patients: Its safety, accep-
tability, and outcome. J Vasc Surg 19:1015-1019,
discussion 1020, 1994.
412. Pandit JJ, Dutta D, Morris JF: Spread of injectate
with superficial cervical plexus block in humans:
An anatomical study. Br J Anaesth 91:733-735,
2003.
413. Lawrence PF, Alves JC, Jicha D, et al: Incidence,
timing, and causes of cerebral ischemia during
carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia.
J Vasc Surg 27:329-334, discussion 335-337, 1998.
414. Allen BT, Anderson CB, Rubin BG, et al: The
influence of anesthetic technique on perioperative
complications after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc
Surg 19:834-842, discussion 842-843, 1994.
415. Forssell C, Takolander R, Bergqvist D, et al: Local
versus general anaesthesia in carotid surgery. A
prospective, randomised study. Eur J Vasc Surg
3:503-509, 1989.
416. Fiorani P, Sbarigia E, Speziale F, et al: General anaes-
thesia versus cervical block and perioperative com-
plications in carotid artery surgery. Eur J Vasc
Endovasc Surg 13:37-42, 1997.
417. Sternbach Y, Illig KA, Zhang R, et al: Hemodynamic
benefits of regional anesthesia for carotid endarte-
rectomy. J Vasc Surg 35:333-339, 2002.
418. Muskett A, McGreevy J, Miller M: Detailed compa-
rison of regional and general anesthesia for carotid
endarterectomy. Am J Surg 152:691-694, 1986.
419. Benjamin ME, Silva MB Jr, Watt C, et al: Awake
patient monitoring to determine the need for shun-
ting during carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 114:
673-679, discussion 679-681, 1993.
420. Quigley TM, Ryan WR, Morgan S: Patient satisfac-
tion after carotid endarterectomy using a selective
policy of local anesthesia. Am J Surg 179:382-385,
2000.
421. Davies MJ, Murrell GC, Cronin KD, et al: Carotid
endarterectomy under cervical plexus block—a
prospective clinical audit. Anaesth Intensive Care
18:219-223, 1990.
422. Ombrellaro MP, FreemanMB, Stevens SL, Goldman
MH: Effect of anesthetic technique on cardiac mor-
bidity following carotid artery surgery. Am J Surg
171:387-390, 1996.
423. Becquemin JP, Paris E, Valverde A, et al: Carotid
surgery. Is regional anesthesia always appropriate?
J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 32:592-598, 1991.
424. Papavasiliou AK, Magnadottir HB, Gonda T, et al:
Clinical outcomes after carotid endarterectomy:
Comparison of the use of regional and general
anesthetics. J Neurosurg 92:291-296, 2000.
425. Bergeron P, Benichou H, Rudondy P, et al: Stroke
prevention during carotid surgery in high risk
patients (value of transcranial Doppler and local
anesthesia). J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 32:713-719,
1991.
426. Tissot S, Frering B, Gagnieu MC, et al: Plasma con-
centrations of lidocaine and bupivacaine after cer-
vical plexus block for carotid surgery. Anesth Analg
84:1377-1379, 1997.
427. Castresana MR, Masters RD, Castresana EJ, et al:
Incidence and clinical significance of hemidia-
phragmatic paresis in patients undergoing carotid
endarterectomy during cervical plexus block anes-
thesia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:21-23, 1994.
428. Davies MJ, Mooney PH, Scott DA, et al: Neurologic
changes during carotid endarterectomy under cer-
vical block predict a high risk of postoperative
stroke. Anesthesiology 78:829-833, 1993.
429. Landesberg G, Erel J, Anner H, et al: Perioperative
myocardial ischemia in carotid endarterectomy
under cervical plexus block and prophylactic nitro-
glycerin infusion. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth
7:259-265, 1993.
430. Slutzki S, Behar M, Negri M, et al: Carotid endarte-
rectomy under local anesthesia supplemented with
neuroleptic analgesia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170:
141-144, 1990.
431. Evans WE, Hayes JP, Waltke EA, Vermilion BD:
Optimal cerebral monitoring during carotid endar-
terectomy: Neurologic response under local anes-
thesia. J Vasc Surg 2:775-777, 1985.
432. Takolander R, Bergqvist D, Hulthen UL, et al:
Carotid artery surgery. Local versus general anaes-
thesia as related to sympathetic activity and cardio-
vascular effects. Eur J Vasc Surg 4:265-270, 1990.
433. Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, et al: Impai-
red cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in
patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.
JAMA 283:2122-2127, 2000.
434. Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M, et al: Effect of
collateral blood flow and cerebral vasomotor reac-
tivity on the outcome of carotid artery occlusion.
Stroke 32:1552-1558, 2001.
435. Thiel A, Zickmann B, StertmannWA, et al: Cerebro-
vascular carbon dioxide reactivity in carotid artery
disease. Relation to intraoperative cerebral monito-
ring results in 100 carotid endarterectomies. Anes-
thesiology 82:655-661, 1995.
436. Baker WH, Rodman JA, Barnes RW, Hoyt JL: An
evaluation of hypocarbia and hypercarbia during
carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 7:451-454, 1976.
437. Ruta TS, Drummond JC, Cole DJ: The effect of
acute hypocapnia on local cerebral blood flow
during middle cerebral artery occlusion in isoflu-
rane anesthetized rats. Anesthesiology 78:134-140,
1993.
438. McGirt MJ, Woodworth GF, Brooke BS, et al:
Hyperglycemia independently increases the risk of
perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction, and
death after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery
58:1066-1073, 2006.
439. McKay RD, Sundt TM, Michenfelder JD, et al: Inter-
nal carotid artery stump pressure and cerebral
blood flow during carotid endarterectomy: Modifi-
cation by halothane, enflurane, and Innovar. Anes-
thesiology 45:390-399, 1976.
440. Whitley D, Cherry KJ Jr: Predictive value of carotid
artery stump pressures during carotid endarterec-
tomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 7:723-732, 1996.
441. Harada RN, Comerota AJ, Good GM, et al: Stump
pressure, electroencephalographic changes, and the
contralateral carotid artery: Another look at selec-
tive shunting. Am J Surg 170:148-153, 1995.
442. Schneider JR, Droste JS, Schindler N, et al: Carotid
endarterectomy with routine electroencephalogra-
phy and selective shunting: Influence of contralate-
ral internal carotid artery occlusion and utility in
prevention of perioperative strokes. J Vasc Surg
35:1114-1122, 2002.
443. Plestis KA, Loubser P, Mizrahi EM, et al: Conti-
nuous electroencephalographic monitoring and
selective shunting reduces neurologic morbidity
rates in carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 25:620-
628, 1997.
444. Salvian AJ, Taylor DC, Hsiang YN, et al: Selective
shunting with EEG monitoring is safer than routine
shunting for carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovasc
Surg 5:481-485, 1997.
445. Plestis KA, Kantis G, Haygood K, et al: Carotid
endarterectomy with homologous vein patch angio-
plasty: A review of 1006 cases. J Vasc Surg 24:109-
119, 1996.
446. Kresowik TF, Worsey MJ, Khoury MD, et al: Limita-
tions of electroencephalographic monitoring in the
detection of cerebral ischemia accompanying carotid
endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 13:439-443, 1991.
447. Mackey WC, O’Donnell TF Jr, Callow AD: Carotid
endarterectomy contralateral to an occluded carotid
artery: Perioperative risk and late results. J Vasc
Surg 11:778-783, 1990, discussion 784-785.
448. Lam AM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W:
Monitoring electrophysiologic function during
carotid endarterectomy: A comparison of somato-
sensory evoked potentials and conventional elec-
troencephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15-21, 1991.
449. Redekop G, Ferguson G: Correlation of contralate-
ral stenosis and intraoperative electroencephalo-
gram change with risk of stroke during carotid
endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 30:191-194, 1992.
450. Illig KA, Burchfiel JL, Ouriel K, et al: Value of preo-
perative EEG for carotid endarterectomy. Cardio-
vasc Surg 6:490-495, 1998.
451. De Vleeschauwer P, Horsch S, Matamoros R: Moni-
toring of somatosensory evoked potentials in
carotid surgery: Results, usefulness and limitations
of the method. Ann Vasc Surg 2:63-68, 1988.
452. Krul JM, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RG, et al: Site and
pathogenesis of infarcts associated with carotid
endarterectomy. Stroke 20:324-328, 1989.
Anestesia para la cirugía vascular
1809
52
Sección IV
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito