Miller Anestesia

invasive prostatectomy. J Neuro-Ophthalmol

27:285-287, 2007.

77. Kim JW, Hills WL, Rizzo JF, et al: Ischemic optic

neuropathy following spine surgery in a 16-year-old

patient and a ten-year-old patient. J Neuro-ophthal-

mol 26:30-33, 2006.

78. Fern R, Ransom BR: Ischemic injury of optic nerve

axons: The nuts and bolts. Clin Neurosci 4:246-250,

1997.

79. Brown AM, Wender R, Ransom BR: Ionic mecha-

nisms of aglycemic axon injury in mammalian

central white matter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

21:385-395, 2001.

80. Levin LA, Louhab A: Apoptosis of retinal ganglion

cells in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch

Ophthalmol 114:488-491, 1996.

81. Arnold AC, Hepler RS: Fluorescein angiography in

acute nonarteritic anterior optic neuropathy. Am J

Ophthalmol 117:222-230, 1994.

82. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. V.

Optic disc edema as an early sign. Arch Ophthalmol

99:1030-1040, 1981.

83. Grieshaber MC, Flammer J: Does the blood-brain

barrier play a role in glaucoma? Surv Ophthalmol

52:S115-S121, 2007.

84. Hofman P, Hoyng P, vanderWerf F, et al: Lack of

blood-brain barrier properties in microvessels of

the prelaminar optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol

Vis Sci 42:895-901, 2001.

85. Guy J: New therapies for optic neuropathies: Deve-

lopment in experimental models. Curr Opin

Ophthalmol 11:421-429, 2000.

86. Tesser RA, Niendorf ER, Levin LA: The morphology

of an infarct in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic

neuropathy. Ophthalmology 110:2031-2035, 2003.

87. Hayreh SS: Blood supply of the optic nerve head: A

“reality check. ”. In Pillunat LE, Harris A, Anderson

DR, Greve EL (eds): Current Concepts in Ocular

Blood Flow in Glaucoma. The Hague, Netherlands,

Kugler, 1999, pp 3-31.

88. Olver JM, Spalton DJ, McCartney AC: Microvascu-

lar study of the retrolaminar optic nerve in man:

The possible significance in anterior ischaemic

optic neuropathy. Eye 4:7-24, 1990.

89. Knox DL, Kerrison JB, Green WR: Histopathologic

studies of ischemic optic neuropathy. Trans Am

Ophthalmol Soc 98:203-220, 2000.

90. Hayreh SS: Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension

in the development of ocular manifestations of sys-

temic arterial hypertension. Curr Opin Ophthalmol

10:474-482, 1999.

91. Kalenak JW, Kosmorsky GS, Rockwood EJ: Fluo-

rescein angiography in acute nonarteritic anterior

ischemic optic neuropathy and intraocular pres-

sure. Arch Ophthalmol 109:660-661, 1991.

92. Pillunat LE, Anderson DR, Knighton RW, et al:

Autoregulation of human optic nerve head circula-

tion in response to increased intraocular pressure.

Exp Eye Res 64:737-744, 1997.

93. Hayreh SS: In vivo choroidal circulation and its

watershed zones. Eye 4:273-289, 1990.

94. Hayreh SS: The 1994 Von Sallman Lecture. The

optic nerve head circulation in health and disease.

Exp Eye Res 61:259-272, 1995.

95. Landau K, Winterkorn JM, Mailloux LU, et al: 24-

Hour blood pressure monitoring in patients with

anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthal-

mol 114:570-575, 1996.

96. Mojon DS, Hedges TR III, Ehrenberg B, et al: Asso-

ciation between sleep apnea syndrome and nonar-

teritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch

Ophthalmol 120:601-605, 2002.

97. Beck RW, Servais GE, Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic

optic neuropathy. IX. Cup-to-disc ratio and its role

in pathogenesis. Ophthalmology 94:1503-1508,

1987.

98. Optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteri-

tic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not

effective and may be harmful. The Ischemic

Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research

Group.

99. Chung SM, Gay CA, McCrary JA III: Nonarteritic

ischemic optic neuropathy: The impact of tobacco

use. Ophthalmology 101:779-782, 1994.

100. Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ: Ischemic optic

neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 17:27-35, 2004.

101. Glueck CJ, Wang PG, Bell H, et al: Nonarteritic ante-

rior ischemic optic neuropathy: Associations with

homozygosity for the C677T methylenetetrahydro-

folate reductase mutation. J Lab Clin Med 143:184-

192, 2004.

102. Williams EL, Hart WMJ, Tempelhoff R: Postopera-

tive ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg

80:1018-1029, 1995.

103. Roth S: Postoperative blindness. In Miller RD (ed):

Anesthesia, 6th ed. New York, Elsevier, 2005,

pp 2991-3020.

104. Rizzo JF III, Andreoli CM, Rabinov JD: Use of mag-

netic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neu-

ritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic

neuropathy. Ophthalmology 109:1679-1684, 2002.

105. Vaphiades MS: Optic nerve enhancement in hypo-

tensive ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuro-

Ophthalmol 24:235-236, 2004.

106. Fishman GA, Sokol S: Electrophysiological testing

in disorders of the retina, optic nerve, and visual

pathway. San Francisco. American Academy of

Ophthalmology, 1990.

107. Sadda SR, Nee M, Miller NR, et al: Clinical spec-

trum of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J

Ophthalmol 132:743-750, 2001.

108. Buono LM, Foroozan R: Perioperative posterior

ischemic optic neuropathy: Review of the literature.

Surv Ophthalmol 50:15-26, 2005.

109. Cullinane DC, Jenkins JM, Reddy S, et al: Anterior

ischemic optic neuropathy: A complication after

systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

J Trauma 48:381-387, 2000.

110. Hayreh SS, Jonas JB: Optic disc morphology after

arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Ophthalmology 108:1586-1594, 2001.

111. Isayama Y, Hiramatsu K, Asakura S, Takahashi T:

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. I. Blood supply

of the optic nerve. Ophthalmologica 186:197-203,

1983.

112. Hayreh SS, Bill A, Sperber GO: Effects of high

intraocular pressure on the glucose metabolism in

the retina and the optic nerve in atherosclerotic

monkeys. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

232:745-752, 1994.

113. Weinstein JM, Duckrow RB, Beard D, Brennan RW:

Regional optic nerve blood flow and its autoregula-

tion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:1559-1565,

1983.

114. Movaffaghy A, Chamot SR, Petrig BL, Riva CE:

Blood flow in the human optic nerve head during

isometric exercise. Exp Eye Res 67:561-568, 1998.

115. Riva CE, Hero M, Titze P, Petrig B: Autoregulation

of human optic nerve head blood flow in response

to acute changes in ocular perfusion pressure.

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:618-626,

1997.

116. Arens JF, Connis RT, Domino KB, et al: Practice

advisory for perioperative visual loss associated

with spine surgery. A report by the American

Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Periope-

rative Blindness. Anesthesiology 104:1319-1328,

2006.

117. Katz DM, Trobe JD, CornblathWT, Kline LB: Ische-

mic optic neuropathy after lumbar spine surgery.

Arch Ophthalmol 112:925-931, 1994.

118. Dilger JA, Tetzlaff JE, Bell GR, et al: Ischaemic optic

neuropathy after spinal fusion. Can J Anaesth

45:63-66, 1998.

119. Alexandrakis G, Lam BL: Bilateral posterior ische-

mic optic neuropathy after spinal surgery. Am J

Ophthalmol 127:354-355, 1999.

120. Lee LA, Lam AM: Unilateral blindness after prone

lumbar surgery. Anesthesiology 95:793-795, 2001.

121. Practice Guidelines for blood component therapy:

A report by the American Society of Anesthesiolo-

gists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy.

Anesthesiology 84:732-747, 1996.

122. Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Conservation

Guideline Task Force, Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha

SP, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists

Special Task Force on Blood Transfusion, Spiess BD,

Shore-Lesserson L, Stafford-SmithM, et al: Periope-

rative blood transfusion and blood conservation in

cardiac surgery: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiolo-

gists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg

83:S27-86, 2007.

123. Hayreh SS: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

VIII. Clinical features and pathogenesis of post-

hemorrhagic amaurosis. Ophthalmology 94:1488-

1502, 1987.

124. Chamot SR, Petrig BL, Pournaras CJ, Riva CE: Effect

of isovolumic hemodilution on oxygen delivery to

the optic nerve head. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd

219:292-295, 2002.

125. Roth S: The effects of isovolumic hemodilution on

ocular blood flow. Exp Eye Res 55:59-63, 1992.

126. Neely KA, Ernest JT, Goldstick TK, et al: Isovolemic

hemodilution increases retinal oxygen tension.

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234:688-694,

1996.

127. Weiskopf RB, Viele MV, Feiner J, et al: Human car-

diovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe

isovolemic anemia. JAMA 279:217-221, 1998.

128. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al: A multi-

center, randomized, controlled clinical trial of

transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfu-

sion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators,

Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med

340:409-417, 1999.

129. Roth S, Nunez R, Schreider BD: Unexplained visual

loss after lumbar spinal fusion. J Neurosurg Anes-

thesiol 9:346-348, 1997.

130. Geijer C, Bill A: Effects of raised intraocular pres-

sure on retinal, prelaminar, laminar, and retrolami-

nar optic nerve blood flow in monkeys. Invest

Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:1030-1042, 1979.

131. Sullivan SR, Ahmadi AJ, Singh CN, et al: Elevated

orbital pressure: Another untoward effect of massive

resuscitation after burn injury. J Trauma 60:72-76,

2006.

132. Dunker S, Hsu HY, Sebag J, Sadun AA: Perioperative

risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy. J Am

Coll Surg 194:705-710, 2002.

133. Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, et al: Cerebrospinal

fluid dynamics between the intracranial and the

subarachnoid space of the optic nerve: Is it always

bidirectional? Brain 130:514-520, 2007.

134. Hayreh SS, Joos KM, Podhajsky PA, Long CR: Sys-

temic diseases associated with nonarteritic anterior

ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol

118:766-780, 1994.

135. Lee LA, Nathens AB, Sires BS, et al: Blindness in the

intensive care unit: Possible role for vasopressors?

Anesth Analg 100:192-195, 2005.

136. Fry CL, Carter JE, Kanter MC, et al: Anterior ische-

2606

Cuidados postoperatorios