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169. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Peszynski P, et al: Extracorpo-

real support of the failing liver. Curr Opin Crit Care

8:171–177, 2002.

170. Sen S, Jalan R, Williams R, et al: Liver failure: Basis

of benefit of therapy with the molecular adsorbents

recirculating system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol

35:1306–1311, 2003.

171. Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, et al: Albumin

dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver

injury: A prospective, controlled study. Hepatology

36(4 Pt 1): 949–958, 2002.

172. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, et al: Improvement

of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal

albumin dialysis MARS: Results of a prospective,

randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl

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173. Sen S, Mookerjee RP, Davies NA, et al: Review

article: The molecular adsorbents recirculating

system (MARS) in liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol

Ther 16(Suppl 5): 32–38, 2002.

174. Henriksen JH, Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Bendtsen F:

Review article: Volume expansion in patients with

cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16(Suppl 5):

12–23, 2002.

175. Moller S, Henriksen JH: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy:

A pathophysiological review of circulatory dys-

function in liver disease. Heart 87:9–15, 2002.

176. Moller S, Henriksen JH: Cardiovascular dysfunction

in cirrhosis: Pathophysiological evidence of a cirr-

hotic cardiomyopathy. Scand J Gastroenterol

36:785–794, 2001.

177. Tiukinhoy-Laing SD, Rossi JS, Bayram M, et al:

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characteristics of patients being evaluated for liver

transplantation. Am J Cardiol 98:178–181, 2006.

178. Krowka MJ: Hepatopulmonary syndrome: Recent

literature (1997 to 1999) and implications for liver

transplantation. Liver Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S31–

S35, 2000.

179. Fallon MB, Abrams GA: Hepatopulmonary syn-

drome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2:40–45, 2000.

180. Aboussouan LS, Stoller JK: The hepatopulmonary

syndrome. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroen-

terol 14:1033–1048, 2000.

181. Schiffer E, Majno P, Mentha G, et al: Hepatopulmonary

syndrome increases the postoperative mortality rate

following liver transplantation: A prospective study of

90 patients. Am J Transplant 6:1430–1437, 2006.

182. Budhiraja R, Hassoun PM: Portopulmonary hyper-

tension: A tale of two circulations. Chest 123:562–

576, 2003.

183. Schraufnagel DE, Kay JM: Structural and pathologic

changes in the lung vasculature in chronic liver

disease. Clin Chest Med 17:1–15, 1996.

184. Mandell MS: Critical care issues: Portopulmonary

hypertension. Liver Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S36–S43,

2000.

185. Findlay JY, Harrison BA, Plevak DJ, et al: Inhaled

nitric oxide reduces pulmonary artery pressures in

portopulmonary hypertension. Liver Transpl Surg

5:381–387, 1999.

186. Ramsay MA, Schmidt A, Hein HA, et al: Nitric oxide

does not reverse pulmonary hypertension associa-

ted with end-stage liver disease: A preliminary

report. Hepatology 25:524–527, 1997.

187. Ramsay MA, Spikes C, East CA, et al: The periopera-

tive management of portopulmonary hypertension

with nitric oxide and epoprostenol. Anesthesiology

90:299–301, 1999.

188. Kuo PC, Johnson LB, Plotkin JS, et al: Continuous

intravenous infusion of epoprostenol for the

treatment of portopulmonary hypertension. Trans-

plantation 63:604–606, 1997.

189. Moreau R: Hepatorenal syndrome in patients with

cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:739–747, 2002.

190. Dagher L, Moore K: The hepatorenal syndrome. Gut

49:729–737, 2001.

191. Davis CL, Gonwa TA, Wilkinson AH: Pathophysio-

logy of renal disease associated with liver disorders:

Implications for liver transplantation, part I. Liver

Transpl 8:91–109, 2002.

192. Gonwa TA, McBride MA, Anderson K, et al: Conti-

nued influence of preoperative renal function on

outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx)

in the U.S.: Where will MELD lead us? Am J Trans-

plant 6:2651–2659, 2006.

193. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, et al:

Coagulation disorders in liver disease. Semin Liver

Dis 22:83–96, 2002.

194. Kang Y: Coagulation and liver transplantation:

Current concepts. Liver Transpl Surg 3:465–467,

1997.

195. Kang Y: Coagulopathies in hepatic disease. Liver

Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S72–S75, 2000.

196. Lisman T, Leebeek FW, de Groot PG: Haemostatic

abnormalities in patients with liver disease. J

Hepatol 37:280–287, 2002.

197. Baubillier E, Cherqui D, Dominique C, et al: A fatal

thrombotic complication during liver transplanta-

tion after aprotinin administration. Transplantation

57:1664–1666, 1994.

198. Gologorsky E, De Wolf AM, Scott V, et al: Intracar-

diac thrombus formation and pulmonary throm-

boembolism immediately after graft reperfusion in

7 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver

Transpl 7:783–789, 2001.

199. Prah GN, Lisman SR, Maslow AD, et al: Transe-

sophageal echocardiography reveals an unusual

cause of hemodynamic collapse during orthotopic

liver transplantation—two case reports. Transplan-

tation 59:921–925, 1995.

200. O’Connor CJ, RoozeboomD, Brown R, et al: Pulmo-

nary thromboembolism during liver transplanta-

tion: Possible association with antifibrinolytic drugs

and novel treatment options. Anesth Analg 91:296–

299, 2000.

201. Fitzsimons MG, Peterfreund RA, Raines DE: Apro-

tinin administration and pulmonary thromboem-

bolism during orthotopic liver transplantation:

Report of two cases. Anesth Analg 92:1418–1421,

2001.

202. Colle IO, Moreau R, Godinho E, et al: Diagnosis of

portopulmonary hypertension in candidates for

liver transplantation: A prospective study. Hepato-

logy 37:401–409, 2003.

203. Blackwell MM, Chavin KD, Sistino JJ: Perioperative

perfusion strategies for optimal fluid management

in liver transplant recipients with renal insufficiency.

Perfusion 18:55–60, 2003.

204. Avery RK: Recipient screening prior to solid-organ

transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 35:1513–1519, 2002.

205. Schumann R: Intraoperative resource utilization in

anesthesia for liver transplantation in the United

States: A survey. Anesth Analg 97:21–28, 2003.

206. Raucoules-Aime M, Kaidomar M, Levron JC, et al:

Hepatic disposition of alfentanil and sufentanil in

patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplanta-

tion. Anesth Analg 84:1019–1024, 1997.

207. De Wolf AM, Freeman JA, Scott VL, et al: Pharmaco-

kinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in

patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver

transplantation. Br J Anaesth 76:624–628, 1996.

208. Lukin CL, Hein HA, Swygert TH, et al: Duration of

vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block as a pre-

dictor of liver allograft dysfunction. Anesth Analg

80:526–533, 1995.

209. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Neuromuscular paralysis

as a pharmacodynamic probe to assess organ

function during liver transplantation. J Clin Anesth

12:615–620, 2000.

210. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Rocuronium plasma con-

centrations during three phases of liver transplanta-

tion: Relationship with early postoperative graft

liver function. Br J Anaesth 88:764–770, 2002.

211. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Rocuronium infusion

requirements and plasma concentrations at cons-

tant levels of neuromuscular paralysis during three

phases of liver transplantation. J Clin Anesth

15:257–266, 2003.

212. Shangraw RE, Hexem JG: Glucose and potassium

metabolic responses to insulin during liver trans-

plantation. Liver Transpl Surg 2:443–454, 1996.

213. Xia VW, Ghobrial RM, Du B, et al: Predictors of

hyperkalemia in the prereperfusion early postreper-

fusion, and late postreperfusion periods during

adult liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 105:780–

785, 2007.

214. Martin TJ, Kang Y, Robertson KM, et al: Ionization

and hemodynamic effects of calcium chloride and

calciumgluconate intheabsenceofhepaticfunction.

Anesthesiology 73:62–65, 1990.

215. Ozier Y, Steib A, Ickx B, et al: Haemostatic disorders

during liver transplantation. Eur J Anaesthesiol

18:208–218, 2001.

216. Laine E, Steadman R, Calhoun L, et al: Comparison

of RBCs and FFP with whole blood during liver

transplant surgery. Transfusion 43:322–327, 2003.

217. Ozier Y, Pessione F, Samain E, et al: Institutional

variability in transfusion practice for liver trans-

plantation. Anesth Analg 97:671–679, 2003.

218. Boyd SD, Stenard F, Lee DK, et al: Alloimmunization

to red blood cell antigens affects clinical outcomes

in liver transplant patients. Liver Transpl 13:1654–

1661, 2007.

219. Frenette L, Cox J, McArdle P, et al: Conjugated estro-

gen reduces transfusion and coagulation factor

requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation.

Anesth Analg 86:1183–1186, 1998.

220. Boylan JF, Klinck JR, Sandler AN, et al: Tranexamic

acid reduces blood loss, transfusion requirements, and

coagulation factor use in primary orthotopic liver

transplantation. Anesthesiology 85:1043–1048, 1996.

221. Dalmau A, Sabate A, Acosta F, et al: Tranexamic acid

reduces red cell transfusion better than epsilon-

aminocaproic acid or placebo in liver transplanta-

tion. Anesth Analg 91:29–34, 2000.

222. Findlay JY, Rettke SR, Ereth MH, et al: Aprotinin

reduces red blood cell transfusion in orthotopic

liver transplantation: A prospective, randomized,

double-blind study. Liver Transpl 7:802–807, 2001.

223. Garcia-Huete L, Domenech P, Sabate A, et al: The

prophylactic effect of aprotinin on intraoperative

bleeding in liver transplantation: A randomized cli-

nical study. Hepatology 26:1143–1148, 1997.

224. KasparM, RamsayMA, NguyenAT, et al: Continuous

small-dose tranexamic acid reduces fibrinolysis but

not transfusion requirements during orthotopic liver

transplantation. Anesth Analg 85:281–285, 1997.

225. Marcel RJ, Stegall WC, Suit CT, et al: Continuous

small-dose aprotinin controls fibrinolysis during

orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg

82:1122–1125, 1996.

226. Hendriks HG, Meijer K, de Wolf JT, et al: Reduced

transfusion requirements by recombinant factor

VIIa in orthotopic liver transplantation: A pilot

study. Transplantation 71:402–405, 2001.

227. Molenaar IQ, Begliomini B, Martinelli G, et al:

Reduced need for vasopressors in patients receiving

aprotinin during orthotopic liver transplantation.

Anesthesiology 94:433–438, 2001.

228. Warnaar N, Mallett SV, de Boer MT, et al. Am J

Transplant 7:2378–2387, 2007.

229. Porte RJ, Molenaar IQ, Begliomini B, et al: Aprotinin

and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver

transplantation: A multicentre randomised double-

blind study. EMSALT Study Group. Lancet

355:1303–1309, 2000.

230. Murkin JM: A novel hemostatic agent: The poten-

tial role of recombinant activated factor VII

(rFVIIa) in anesthetic practice. Can J Anaesth

49:S21–S26, 2002.

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Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto

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