169. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Peszynski P, et al: Extracorpo-
real support of the failing liver. Curr Opin Crit Care
8:171–177, 2002.
170. Sen S, Jalan R, Williams R, et al: Liver failure: Basis
of benefit of therapy with the molecular adsorbents
recirculating system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol
35:1306–1311, 2003.
171. Heemann U, Treichel U, Loock J, et al: Albumin
dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver
injury: A prospective, controlled study. Hepatology
36(4 Pt 1): 949–958, 2002.
172. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, et al: Improvement
of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal
albumin dialysis MARS: Results of a prospective,
randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl
6:277–286, 2000.
173. Sen S, Mookerjee RP, Davies NA, et al: Review
article: The molecular adsorbents recirculating
system (MARS) in liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol
Ther 16(Suppl 5): 32–38, 2002.
174. Henriksen JH, Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Bendtsen F:
Review article: Volume expansion in patients with
cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16(Suppl 5):
12–23, 2002.
175. Moller S, Henriksen JH: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy:
A pathophysiological review of circulatory dys-
function in liver disease. Heart 87:9–15, 2002.
176. Moller S, Henriksen JH: Cardiovascular dysfunction
in cirrhosis: Pathophysiological evidence of a cirr-
hotic cardiomyopathy. Scand J Gastroenterol
36:785–794, 2001.
177. Tiukinhoy-Laing SD, Rossi JS, Bayram M, et al:
Cardiac hemodynamic and coronary angiographic
characteristics of patients being evaluated for liver
transplantation. Am J Cardiol 98:178–181, 2006.
178. Krowka MJ: Hepatopulmonary syndrome: Recent
literature (1997 to 1999) and implications for liver
transplantation. Liver Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S31–
S35, 2000.
179. Fallon MB, Abrams GA: Hepatopulmonary syn-
drome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2:40–45, 2000.
180. Aboussouan LS, Stoller JK: The hepatopulmonary
syndrome. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroen-
terol 14:1033–1048, 2000.
181. Schiffer E, Majno P, Mentha G, et al: Hepatopulmonary
syndrome increases the postoperative mortality rate
following liver transplantation: A prospective study of
90 patients. Am J Transplant 6:1430–1437, 2006.
182. Budhiraja R, Hassoun PM: Portopulmonary hyper-
tension: A tale of two circulations. Chest 123:562–
576, 2003.
183. Schraufnagel DE, Kay JM: Structural and pathologic
changes in the lung vasculature in chronic liver
disease. Clin Chest Med 17:1–15, 1996.
184. Mandell MS: Critical care issues: Portopulmonary
hypertension. Liver Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S36–S43,
2000.
185. Findlay JY, Harrison BA, Plevak DJ, et al: Inhaled
nitric oxide reduces pulmonary artery pressures in
portopulmonary hypertension. Liver Transpl Surg
5:381–387, 1999.
186. Ramsay MA, Schmidt A, Hein HA, et al: Nitric oxide
does not reverse pulmonary hypertension associa-
ted with end-stage liver disease: A preliminary
report. Hepatology 25:524–527, 1997.
187. Ramsay MA, Spikes C, East CA, et al: The periopera-
tive management of portopulmonary hypertension
with nitric oxide and epoprostenol. Anesthesiology
90:299–301, 1999.
188. Kuo PC, Johnson LB, Plotkin JS, et al: Continuous
intravenous infusion of epoprostenol for the
treatment of portopulmonary hypertension. Trans-
plantation 63:604–606, 1997.
189. Moreau R: Hepatorenal syndrome in patients with
cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:739–747, 2002.
190. Dagher L, Moore K: The hepatorenal syndrome. Gut
49:729–737, 2001.
191. Davis CL, Gonwa TA, Wilkinson AH: Pathophysio-
logy of renal disease associated with liver disorders:
Implications for liver transplantation, part I. Liver
Transpl 8:91–109, 2002.
192. Gonwa TA, McBride MA, Anderson K, et al: Conti-
nued influence of preoperative renal function on
outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx)
in the U.S.: Where will MELD lead us? Am J Trans-
plant 6:2651–2659, 2006.
193. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, et al:
Coagulation disorders in liver disease. Semin Liver
Dis 22:83–96, 2002.
194. Kang Y: Coagulation and liver transplantation:
Current concepts. Liver Transpl Surg 3:465–467,
1997.
195. Kang Y: Coagulopathies in hepatic disease. Liver
Transpl 6(4 Suppl 1): S72–S75, 2000.
196. Lisman T, Leebeek FW, de Groot PG: Haemostatic
abnormalities in patients with liver disease. J
Hepatol 37:280–287, 2002.
197. Baubillier E, Cherqui D, Dominique C, et al: A fatal
thrombotic complication during liver transplanta-
tion after aprotinin administration. Transplantation
57:1664–1666, 1994.
198. Gologorsky E, De Wolf AM, Scott V, et al: Intracar-
diac thrombus formation and pulmonary throm-
boembolism immediately after graft reperfusion in
7 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver
Transpl 7:783–789, 2001.
199. Prah GN, Lisman SR, Maslow AD, et al: Transe-
sophageal echocardiography reveals an unusual
cause of hemodynamic collapse during orthotopic
liver transplantation—two case reports. Transplan-
tation 59:921–925, 1995.
200. O’Connor CJ, RoozeboomD, Brown R, et al: Pulmo-
nary thromboembolism during liver transplanta-
tion: Possible association with antifibrinolytic drugs
and novel treatment options. Anesth Analg 91:296–
299, 2000.
201. Fitzsimons MG, Peterfreund RA, Raines DE: Apro-
tinin administration and pulmonary thromboem-
bolism during orthotopic liver transplantation:
Report of two cases. Anesth Analg 92:1418–1421,
2001.
202. Colle IO, Moreau R, Godinho E, et al: Diagnosis of
portopulmonary hypertension in candidates for
liver transplantation: A prospective study. Hepato-
logy 37:401–409, 2003.
203. Blackwell MM, Chavin KD, Sistino JJ: Perioperative
perfusion strategies for optimal fluid management
in liver transplant recipients with renal insufficiency.
Perfusion 18:55–60, 2003.
204. Avery RK: Recipient screening prior to solid-organ
transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 35:1513–1519, 2002.
205. Schumann R: Intraoperative resource utilization in
anesthesia for liver transplantation in the United
States: A survey. Anesth Analg 97:21–28, 2003.
206. Raucoules-Aime M, Kaidomar M, Levron JC, et al:
Hepatic disposition of alfentanil and sufentanil in
patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplanta-
tion. Anesth Analg 84:1019–1024, 1997.
207. De Wolf AM, Freeman JA, Scott VL, et al: Pharmaco-
kinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in
patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver
transplantation. Br J Anaesth 76:624–628, 1996.
208. Lukin CL, Hein HA, Swygert TH, et al: Duration of
vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block as a pre-
dictor of liver allograft dysfunction. Anesth Analg
80:526–533, 1995.
209. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Neuromuscular paralysis
as a pharmacodynamic probe to assess organ
function during liver transplantation. J Clin Anesth
12:615–620, 2000.
210. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Rocuronium plasma con-
centrations during three phases of liver transplanta-
tion: Relationship with early postoperative graft
liver function. Br J Anaesth 88:764–770, 2002.
211. Gao L, Ramzan I, Baker B: Rocuronium infusion
requirements and plasma concentrations at cons-
tant levels of neuromuscular paralysis during three
phases of liver transplantation. J Clin Anesth
15:257–266, 2003.
212. Shangraw RE, Hexem JG: Glucose and potassium
metabolic responses to insulin during liver trans-
plantation. Liver Transpl Surg 2:443–454, 1996.
213. Xia VW, Ghobrial RM, Du B, et al: Predictors of
hyperkalemia in the prereperfusion early postreper-
fusion, and late postreperfusion periods during
adult liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 105:780–
785, 2007.
214. Martin TJ, Kang Y, Robertson KM, et al: Ionization
and hemodynamic effects of calcium chloride and
calciumgluconate intheabsenceofhepaticfunction.
Anesthesiology 73:62–65, 1990.
215. Ozier Y, Steib A, Ickx B, et al: Haemostatic disorders
during liver transplantation. Eur J Anaesthesiol
18:208–218, 2001.
216. Laine E, Steadman R, Calhoun L, et al: Comparison
of RBCs and FFP with whole blood during liver
transplant surgery. Transfusion 43:322–327, 2003.
217. Ozier Y, Pessione F, Samain E, et al: Institutional
variability in transfusion practice for liver trans-
plantation. Anesth Analg 97:671–679, 2003.
218. Boyd SD, Stenard F, Lee DK, et al: Alloimmunization
to red blood cell antigens affects clinical outcomes
in liver transplant patients. Liver Transpl 13:1654–
1661, 2007.
219. Frenette L, Cox J, McArdle P, et al: Conjugated estro-
gen reduces transfusion and coagulation factor
requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation.
Anesth Analg 86:1183–1186, 1998.
220. Boylan JF, Klinck JR, Sandler AN, et al: Tranexamic
acid reduces blood loss, transfusion requirements, and
coagulation factor use in primary orthotopic liver
transplantation. Anesthesiology 85:1043–1048, 1996.
221. Dalmau A, Sabate A, Acosta F, et al: Tranexamic acid
reduces red cell transfusion better than epsilon-
aminocaproic acid or placebo in liver transplanta-
tion. Anesth Analg 91:29–34, 2000.
222. Findlay JY, Rettke SR, Ereth MH, et al: Aprotinin
reduces red blood cell transfusion in orthotopic
liver transplantation: A prospective, randomized,
double-blind study. Liver Transpl 7:802–807, 2001.
223. Garcia-Huete L, Domenech P, Sabate A, et al: The
prophylactic effect of aprotinin on intraoperative
bleeding in liver transplantation: A randomized cli-
nical study. Hepatology 26:1143–1148, 1997.
224. KasparM, RamsayMA, NguyenAT, et al: Continuous
small-dose tranexamic acid reduces fibrinolysis but
not transfusion requirements during orthotopic liver
transplantation. Anesth Analg 85:281–285, 1997.
225. Marcel RJ, Stegall WC, Suit CT, et al: Continuous
small-dose aprotinin controls fibrinolysis during
orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg
82:1122–1125, 1996.
226. Hendriks HG, Meijer K, de Wolf JT, et al: Reduced
transfusion requirements by recombinant factor
VIIa in orthotopic liver transplantation: A pilot
study. Transplantation 71:402–405, 2001.
227. Molenaar IQ, Begliomini B, Martinelli G, et al:
Reduced need for vasopressors in patients receiving
aprotinin during orthotopic liver transplantation.
Anesthesiology 94:433–438, 2001.
228. Warnaar N, Mallett SV, de Boer MT, et al. Am J
Transplant 7:2378–2387, 2007.
229. Porte RJ, Molenaar IQ, Begliomini B, et al: Aprotinin
and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver
transplantation: A multicentre randomised double-
blind study. EMSALT Study Group. Lancet
355:1303–1309, 2000.
230. Murkin JM: A novel hemostatic agent: The poten-
tial role of recombinant activated factor VII
(rFVIIa) in anesthetic practice. Can J Anaesth
49:S21–S26, 2002.
1948
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
IV