Miller Anestesia

530 / 2894

cacy as a benzodiazepine antagonist.Drugs 42:1061–
1089, 1991.
292. File SE, Pellow S: Intrinsic actions of the benzodia-
zepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788.Psychophar-
macology (Berl) 88:1–11, 1986.
293. Lauven PM, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H, Greenblatt
DJ: The effects of a benzodiazepine antagonist Ro
15-1788 in the presence of stable concentrations of
midazolam. Anesthesiology 63:61–64, 1985.
294. Cumin R, Bonetti EP, Scherschlicht R, Haefely WE:
Use of the specific benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro
15-1788, in studies of physiological dependence on
benzodiazepines. Experientia 38:833–834, 1982.
295. Hunkeler W: Preclinical research findings with flu-
mazenil (Ro15-1788, Anexate): Chemistry. Eur J
Anaesthesiol Suppl 2:37, 1988.
296. Klotz U, Kanto J: Pharmacokinetics and clinical use
of flumazenil (Ro 15-1788). Clin Pharmacokinet
14:1–12, 1988.
297. Kleinberger G, Grimm G, Laggner A, et al: Weaning
patients from mechanical ventilation by benzodia-
zepine antagonist Ro15-1788. Lancet 2:268–269,
1985.
298. Mendelson WB: Neuropharmacology of sleep
induction by benzodiazepines. Crit Rev Neurobiol
6:221–232, 1992.
299. Wolf J, Friberg L, Jensen J, et al: The effect of the
benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil on regional
cerebral blood flow in human volunteers. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 34:628–631, 1990.
300. Yokoyama M, Benson KT, Arakawa K, Goto H:
Effects of flumazenil on intravenous lidocaine-
induced convulsions and anticonvulsant property
of diazepam in rats. Anesth Analg 75:87–90, 1992.
301. Samson Y, Hantraye P, Baron JC, et al: Kinetics and
displacement of [11C]RO 15-1788, a benzodiaze-
pine antagonist, studied in human brain in vivo by
positron tomography. Eur J Pharmacol 110:247–
251, 1985.
302. Forster A, Juge O, Louis M, Nahory A: Effects of a
specific benzodiazepine antagonist (RO 15-1788)
on cerebral blood flow. Anesth Analg 66:309–313,
1987.
303. Rouiller M, Forster A, Gemperle M: [Assessment of
the efficacy and tolerance of a benzodiazepine anta-
gonist (Ro 15-1788)].Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 6:1–6,
1987.
304. Weinbrum A, Geller E: The respiratory effects of
reversing midazolam sedation with flumazenil in
the presence or absence of narcotics. Acta Anaes-
thesiol Scand Suppl 92:65–69, 1990.
305. Duka T, Ackenheil M, Noderer J, et al: Changes in
noradrenaline plasma levels and behavioural res-
ponses induced by benzodiazepine agonists with
the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Psy-
chopharmacology (Berl) 90:351–357, 1986.
306. Nilsson A: Autonomic and hormonal responses
after the use of midazolam and flumazenil. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 92:51–54, 1990.
307. Ghoneim MM, Dembo JB, Block RI: Time course
of antagonism of sedative and amnesic effects of
diazepam by flumazenil. Anesthesiology 70:899–
904, 1989.
308. White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ: Ketamine—its phar-
macology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology
56:119–136, 1982.
309. Cohen MG, Chan SL, Bhargava HN, Trevor AJ:
Inhibition of mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase
by ketamine. Biochem Pharmacol 23:1647–1652,
1974.
310. Herd DW, Anderson BJ, Holford NH: Modeling the
norketamine metabolite in children and the impli-
cations for analgesia. Paediatr Anaesth 17:831–840,
2007.
311. Clements JA, Nimmo WS: Pharmacokinetics and
analgesic effect of ketamine in man. Br J Anaesth
53:27–30, 1981.
312. Grant IS, Nimmo WS, Clements JA: Pharmacoki-
netics and analgesic effects of i.m. and oral keta-
mine. Br J Anaesth 53:805–810, 1981.
313. Edwards SR, Minto CF, Mather LE: Concurrent
ketamine and alfentanil administration: pharmaco-
kinetic considerations. Br J Anaesth 88:94–100,
2002.
314. Absalom AR, Lee M, Menon DK, et al: Predictive
performance of the Domino, Hijazi, and Clements
models during low-dose target-controlled ketamine
infusions in healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth
98:615–623, 2007.
315. Geisslinger G, Hering W, Thomann P, et al: Phar-
macokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine
enantiomers in surgical patients using a stereoselec-
tive analytical method. Br J Anaesth 70:666–671,
1993.
316. White M, de Graaff P, Renshof B, et al: Pharmaco-
kinetics of S(+) ketamine derived from target con-
trolled infusion. Br J Anaesth 96:330–334, 2006.
317. Schuttler J, Stanski DR, White PF, et al: Pharmaco-
dynamic modeling of the EEG effects of ketamine
and its enantiomers in man. J Pharmacokinet
Biopharm 15:241–253, 1987.
318. Yanagihara Y, Ohtani M, Kariya S, et al: Plasma
concentration profiles of ketamine and norketa-
mine after administration of various ketamine pre-
parations to healthy Japanese volunteers. Biopharm
Drug Dispos 24:37–43, 2003.
319. Grant IS, Nimmo WS, McNicol LR, Clements JA:
Ketamine disposition in children and adults. Br J
Anaesth 55:1107–1111, 1983.
320. Adams HA, Thiel A, Jung A, et al: [Studies using
S-(+)-ketamine on probands: Endocrine and circu-
latory reactions, recovery and dream experiences].
Anaesthesist 41:588–596, 1992.
321. Kharasch ED, Labroo R: Metabolism of ketamine
stereoisomers by human liver microsomes. Anes-
thesiology 77:1201–1207, 1992.
322. Okamoto GU, Duperon DF, Jedrychowski JR: Cli-
nical evaluation of the effects of ketamine sedation
on pediatric dental patients. J Clin Pediatr Dent
16:253–257, 1992.
323. Doenicke A, Kugler J, Mayer M, et al: [Ketamine
racemate or S-(+)-ketamine and midazolam: The
effect on vigilance, efficacy and subjective findings].
Anaesthetist 41:610–618, 1992.
324. Chapman V, Dickenson AH: The combination of
NMDA antagonism and morphine produces pro-
found antinociception in the rat dorsal horn. Brain
Res 573:321–323, 1992.
325. Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL Jr: The effect of
ketamine on opioid-induced acute tolerance: Can it
explain reduction of opioid consumption with
ketamine-opioid analgesic combinations? Anesth
Analg 91:1483–1488, 2000.
326. Sparks DL, Corssen G,Aizenman B, Black J: Further
studies of the neural mechanisms of ketamine-
induced anesthesia in the rhesus monkey. Anesth
Analg 54:189–195, 1975.
327. Massopust LC Jr, Wolin LR, Albin MS: Electrophy-
siologic and behavioral responses to ketamine
hydrochloride in the Rhesus monkey.Anesth Analg
51:329–341, 1972.
328. Ohtani M, Kikuchi H, Kitahata LM, et al: Effects of
ketamine on nociceptive cells in the medial medu-
llary reticular formation of the cat. Anesthesiology
51:414–417, 1979.
329. Sprenger T, Valet M, Woltmann R, et al: Imaging
pain modulation by subanesthetic S-(+)-ketamine.
Anesth Analg 103:729–737, 2006.
330. Frenkel C, Urban BW: Molecular actions of racemic
ketamine on human CNS sodium channels. Br J
Anaesth 69:292–297, 1992.
331. Finck A, Ngai S: A possible mechanism of keta-
mine-induced analgesia. Anesthesiology 51:S34,
1979.
332. Freye E, Latasch L, Schmidhammer H: [Pharmaco-
dynamic effects of S-(+)-ketamine on EEG, evoked
potentials and respiration: A study in the awake
dog]. Anaesthetist 41:527–533, 1992.
333. Irifune M, Shimizu T, Nomoto M, Fukuda T: Keta-
mine-induced anesthesia involves the N-methyl-d-
aspartate receptor-channel complex in mice. Brain
Res 596:1–9, 1992.
334. Oye I, Paulsen O, Maurset A: Effects of ketamine on
sensory for a role of N-methyl-
d-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
260:1209–1213, 1992.
335. Nagasaka H, Nagasaka I, Sato I, et al: The effects of
ketamine on the excitation and inhibition of dorsal
horn WDR neuronal activity induced by bradyki-
nin injection into the femoral artery in cats after
spinal cord transection. Anesthesiology 78:722–
732, 1993.
336. Kayama Y, Iwama K: The EEG, evoked potentials,
and single-unit activity during ketamine anesthesia
in cats. Anesthesiology 36:316–328, 1972.
337. Shapiro H, Wyte S, Harria A: Ketamine anaesthesia
in patients with intracranial pathology. Br J Anaesth
44:1200, 1972.
338. Thorsen T, Gran L: Ketamine/diazepam infusion
anaesthesia with special attention to the effect on
cerebrospinal fluid pressure and arterial blood pres-
sure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 24:1–4, 1980.
339. Dawson B, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Effects of
ketamine on canine cerebral blood flow and meta-
bolism: Modification by prior administration of
thiopental. Anesth Analg 50:443–447, 1971.
340. Reeker W, Werner C, Mollenberg O, et al: High-
dose S-(+)-ketamine improves neurological
outcome following incomplete cerebral ischemia in
rats. Can J Anaesth 47:572–578, 2000.
341. Engelhard K, Werner C, Eberspacher E, et al: The
effect of the alpha 2-agonist dexmedetomidine and
the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist S-(+)-keta-
mine on the expression of apoptosis-regulating
proteins after incomplete cerebral ischemia and
reperfusion in rats. Anesth Analg 96:524–531,
2003.
342. Mellon RD, Simone AF, Rappaport BA: Use of anes-
thetic agents in neonates and young children.
Anesth Analg 104:509–520, 2007.
343. Anand KJ: Anesthetic neurotoxicity in newborns:
Should we change clinical practice? Anesthesiology
107:2–4, 2007.
344. Garfield JM, Garfield FB, Stone JG, et al: A compa-
rison of psychologic responses to ketamine and
thiopental–nitrous oxide–halothane anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 36:329–338, 1972.
345. Corssen G, Reves J, Stanley T: Neuroleptanalgesia
and neuroleptanesthesia. In: Intravenous Anesthe-
sia and Analgesia. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger,
1988, p 175.
346. Sussman DR:A comparative evaluation of ketamine
anesthesia in children and adults. Anesthesiology
40:459–464, 1974.
347. Khorramzadeh E, Lotfy AO: Personality predispo-
sition and emergence phenomena with ketamine.
Psychosomatics 17:94–95, 1976.
348. Hejja P, Galloon S: A consideration of ketamine
dreams. Can Anaesth Soc J 22:100–105, 1975.
349. Wulfsohn NL: Ketamine dosage for induction
based on lean body mass. Anesth Analg 51:299–
305, 1972.
530 Farmacología y anestesia II