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350. Dundee J, Lilburn J: Ketamine-lorazepam: Attenua-

tion of the psychic sequelae of ketamine by loraze-

pam. Anaesthesia 37:312, 1977.

351. Kothary S, Zsigmond E:A double-blind study of the

effective anti-hallucinatory doses of diazepam prior

to ketamine anesthesia. Clin Pharmacol Ther

21:108, 1977.

352. Doenicke A, Angster R, Mayer M, et al: [The action

of S-(+)-ketamine on serum catecholamine and

cortisol: A comparison with ketamine racemate].

Anaesthetist 41:597–603, 1992.

353. Soliman M, Brinale G, Kuster G: Response to

hypercapnia under ketamine anaesthesia. Can

Anaesth Soc J 22:486, 1975.

354. Dillon J: Clinical experience with repeated keta-

mine administration for procedures requiring anes-

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355. Hamza J, Ecoffey C, Gross JB: Ventilatory response

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following intravenous ketamine in children.

Anesthesiology 70:422–425, 1989.

356. Corssen G, Gutierrez J, Reves JG, Huber FC Jr:

Ketamine in the anesthetic management of asthma-

tic patients. Anesth Analg 51:588–596, 1972.

357. Hirshman CA,Downes H,FarboodA,Bergman NA:

Ketamine block of bronchospasm in experimental

canine asthma. Br J Anaesth 51:713–718, 1979.

358. Wanna HT, Gergis SD: Procaine, lidocaine, and

ketamine inhibit histamine-induced contracture of

guinea pig tracheal muscle in vitro. Anesth Analg

57:25–27, 1978.

359. Sarma VJ: Use of ketamine in acute severe asthma.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:106–107, 1992.

360. Sonntag H, Heiss HW, Knoll D, et al: [Myocardial

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patients during the induction of anesthesia using

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Kreislaufforsch 61:1092–1105, 1972.

361. Zsigmond E,Domino E: Clinical pharmacology and

current uses of ketamine.

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362. Savege TM, Colvin MP, Weaver EJ, et al: A compa-

rison of some cardiorespiratory effects of althesin

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sia in patients with cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth

48:1071–1081, 1976.

363. Morray JP, Lynn AM, Stamm SJ, et al: Hemodyna-

mic effects of ketamine in children with congenital

heart disease. Anesth Analg 63:895–899, 1984.

364. Greeley WJ, Bushman GA, Davis DP, Reves JG:

Comparative effects of halothane and ketamine on

systemic arterial oxygen saturation in children with

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365. Ogawa A, Uemura M, Kataoka Y, et al: Effects of

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366. Ivankovich AD, Miletich DJ, Reimann C, et al: Car-

diovascular effects of centrally administered keta-

mine in goats. Anesth Analg 53:924–933, 1974.

367. Balfors E, Haggmark S, Nyhman H, et al: Droperi-

dol inhibits the effects of intravenous ketamine on

central hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen con-

sumption in patients with generalized atherosclero-

tic disease. Anesth Analg 62:193–197, 1983.

368. Pagel PS, Kampine JP, Schmeling WT, Warltier DC:

Ketamine depresses myocardial contractility as eva-

luated by the preload recruitable stroke work rela-

tionship in chronically instrumented dogs with

autonomic nervous system blockade. Anesthesio-

logy 76:564–572, 1992.

369. Urthaler F, Walker A, James T: Comparison of the

inotropic action of morphine and ketamine studied

in canine cardiac muscle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg

72:142, 1976.

370. Stowe DF, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP: Comparison of

etomidate, ketamine, midazolam, propofol, and

thiopental on function and metabolism of isolated

hearts. Anesth Analg 74:547–558, 1992.

371. Endou M, Hattori Y, Nakaya H, et al: Electrophy-

siologic mechanisms responsible for inotropic res-

ponses to ketamine in guinea pig and rat

myocardium. Anesthesiology 76:409–418, 1992.

372. Salt PJ, Barnes PK, Beswick FJ: Inhibition of neuro-

nal and extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline by

ketamine in the isolated perfused rat heart. Br J

Anaesth 51:835–838, 1979.

373. Reves J, Flezzani P, Kissin I: Pharmacology of intra-

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374. Munro HM, Sleigh JW, Paxton LD: The cardiovascu-

lar response to ketamine: The effects of clonidine and

lignocaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:75–78, 1993.

375. Hatano S, Keane D, Boggs R: Diazepam-ketamine

anaesthesia for open heart surgery: A «micro-mini»

drip administration technique. Can J Anaesth

23:648, 1976.

376. BidwalA,Stanley T,Graves C:The effects of ketamine

on cardiovascular dynamics during halothane and

enflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 54:588, 1975.

377. Corssen G, Reves J, Carter J: Neuroleptanesthesia,

dissociative anesthesia, and hemorrhage. Int Anes-

thesiol Clin 12:145, 1974.

378. Van der Linden P, Gilbart E, Engelman E, et al:

Comparison of halothane, isoflurane, alfentanil,

and ketamine in experimental septic shock. Anesth

Analg 70:608–617, 1990.

379. Kingston H, Bretherton K, Holloway A: A compari-

son between ketamine and diazepam as induction

agents for pericardectomy. Anaesth Intensive Care

6:66, 1978.

380. Fletcher JE, Rosenberg H, Lizzo FH: Effects of dro-

peridol, haloperidol and ketamine on halothane,

succinylcholine and caffeine contractures: Implica-

tions for malignant hyperthermia. Acta Anaesthe-

siol Scand 33:187–192, 1989.

381. Raza SM, Masters RW, Zsigmond EK: Haemodyna-

mic stability with midazolam-ketamine-sufentanil

analgesia in cardiac surgical patients. Can J Anaesth

36:617–623, 1989.

382. Elia N, Tramer MR: Ketamine and postoperative

pain—a quantitative systematic review of randomi-

sed trials. Pain 113:61–70, 2005.

383. Sveticic G, Gentilini A, Eichenberger U, et al: Com-

binations of morphine with ketamine for patient-

controlled analgesia: A new optimization method.

Anesthesiology 98:1195–1205, 2003.

384. Adam F, Chauvin M, Du Manoir B, et al: Small-dose

ketamine infusion improves postoperative analge-

sia and rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty.

Anesth Analg 100:475–480, 2005.

385. Visser E,Schug SA:The role of ketamine in painmana-

gement. Biomed Pharmacother 60:341–348, 2006.

386. Lavand’homme P, De Kock M,Waterloos H: Intrao-

perative epidural analgesia combined with keta-

mine provides effective preventive analgesia in

patients undergoing major digestive surgery. Anes-

thesiology 103:813–820, 2005.

387. Suzuki M, Haraguti S, Sugimoto K, et al: Low-dose

intravenous ketamine potentiates epidural analgesia

after thoracotomy.Anesthesiology 105:111–119, 2006.

388. Eisenach JC,Yaksh TL: Epidural ketamine in healthy

children—what’s the point? Anesth Analg 96:626,

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389. Groeneveld A, Inkson T: Ketamine: A solution to

procedural pain in burned children. Can Nurse

88:28–31, 1992.

390. Thompson G, Moore D: Ketamine, diazepam, and

Innovar: A computerized comparative study.

Anesth Analg 50:458, 1971.

391. Korttila K, Levanen J: Untoward effects of ketamine

combined with diazepam for supplementing con-

duction anaesthesia in young and middle-aged

adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 22:640–648, 1978.

392. Friedberg BL: Propofol-ketamine technique. Aes-

thetic Plast Surg 17:297–300, 1993.

393. Himmelseher S, Durieux ME: Revising a dogma:

Ketamine for patients with neurological injury?

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394. Fuchs C, Schwabe M: [Rectal premedication using

ketamine-dehydrobenzperidol-atropine in child-

hood]. Anaesthesiol Reanim 15:322–326, 1990.

395. Gutstein HB, Johnson KL, Heard MB, Gregory GA:

Oral ketamine preanesthetic medication in chil-

dren. Anesthesiology 76:28–33, 1992.

396. Tobias JD, Phipps S, Smith B, Mulhern RK: Oral

ketamine premedication to alleviate the distress of

invasive procedures in pediatric oncology patients.

Pediatrics 90:537–541, 1992.

397. Shapiro H: Intracranial hypertension: Therapeutic

and anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology

43:445, 1971.

398. Reves JG, Lell WA, McCracken LE Jr, et al: Compa-

rison of morphine and ketamine anesthetic techni-

ques for coronary surgery: A randomized study.

South Med J 71:33–36, 1978.

399. Malinovsky JM, Lepage JY, Cozian A, et al: Is keta-

mine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity

in the rabbit? Anesthesiology 78:109–115, 1993.

400. Janssen P, Niemegeers J, Schellekens K: Etomidate,

R-(+)-Ethyl-1-(alpha-methyl-benzyl)imidazole-5-

carboxylate (R 16659): A potent, short-acting and

relatively atoxic intravenous hypnotic agent in rats.

Arzneimittelforschung 21:1234, 1971.

401. Ledingham IM, Watt I: Influence of sedation on

mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients.

Lancet 1:1270, 1983.

402. Wagner RL, White PF: Etomidate inhibits adreno-

cortical function in surgical patients. Anesthesio-

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403. Longnecker DE: Stress free: To be or not to be?

Anesthesiology 61:643–644, 1984.

404. Owen H, Spence AA: Etomidate. Br J Anaesth

56:555–557, 1984.

405. Doenicke A, Roizen MF, Nebauer AE, et al: A com-

parison of two formulations for etomidate,

2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and

propylene glycol. Anesth Analg 79:933–939, 1994.

406. Hadzija BW, Lubarsky DA: Compatibility of etomi-

date, thiopental sodium, and propofol injections

with drugs commonly administered during induc-

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999, 1995.

407. Nimmo W, Miller M: Pharmacology of etomidate.

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408. Dundee J, Zacharias M: Etomidate.

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London, Arnold, 1979, p 46.

409. Fragen RJ, Caldwell N: Comparison of a new formu-

lation of etomidate with thiopental—side effects and

awakening times. Anesthesiology 50:242–244, 1979.

410. Giese JL, Stockham RJ, Stanley TH, et al: Etomidate

versus thiopental for induction of anesthesia.

Anesth Analg 64:871–876, 1985.

411. Wells JK: Comparison of ICI 35868, etomidate and

methohexitone for day-case anaesthesia. Br J

Anaesth 57:732–735, 1985.

Anestésicos intravenosos

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Sección II

Farmacología y anestesia

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