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412. Linton DM, Thornington RE: Etomidate as a rectal

induction agent, part II: A clinical study in children.

S Afr Med J 64:309–310, 1983.

413. Fragen RJ, Avram MJ, Henthorn TK, Caldwell NJ:

A pharmacokinetically designed etomidate infu-

sion regimen for hypnosis. Anesth Analg 62:654–

660, 1983.

414. Sear JW, Walters FJ, Wilkins DG, Willatts SM: Eto-

midate by infusion for neuroanaesthesia: Kinetic

and dynamic interactions with nitrous oxide.

Anaesthesia 39:12–18, 1984.

415. Fragen R, Shanks C, Molteni A: Effect on plasma

cortisol concentration of a single induction dose of

etomidate or thiopentone. Lancet 2:625, 1983.

416. Schuttler J, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H: Infusion stra-

tegies to investigate the pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics of hypnotic drugs: Etomidate

as an example. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2:133–142,

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417. Meuldermans W, Heykants J: The plasma protein

binding and distribution of etomidate in dog, rat

and human blood. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther

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418. Johnson KB,Egan TD,Layman J,et al: The influence

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419. van Beem H, Manger FW, van Boxtel C, van Bentem

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of the liver: Pharmacokinetic data. Anaesthesia

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420. Arden JR, Holley FO, Stanski DR: Increased sensi-

tivity to etomidate in the elderly: Initial distribution

versus altered brain response. Anesthesiology

65:19–27, 1986.

421. Evans RH, Hill RG: The GABA-mimetic action of

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422. Lingamaneni R, Hemmings HC Jr: Differential

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with neuronal Na+ channels, Ca2+ channels, and

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423. Blednov YA, Jung S, Alva H, et al: Deletion of the

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424. Cold GE, Eskesen V, Eriksen H, et al: CBF and

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with supratentorial cerebral tumour: A dose-res-

ponse study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:490–494,

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425. Dearden NM, McDowall DG: Comparison of eto-

midate and althesin in the reduction of increased

intracranial pressure after head injury. Br J Anaesth

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426. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R: Intracranial pressure

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bation with etomidate-induced EEG burst suppres-

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427. Renou A,Vernhiet J, Macrez P: Cerebral blood flow

and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in

man. Br J Anaesth 50:1047, 1978.

428. Tulleken CA, van Dieren A, Jonkman J, Kalenda Z:

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date as a brain protective agent. J Cereb Blood Flow

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429. Takanobu S, Piyush M, Drummond J: A compari-

son of the cerebral protective effects of etomidate,

thiopental, and isoflurane in a model of forebrain

ischemia in the rat. Anesth Analg 76:990, 1993.

430. Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Patel PM, Reynolds LW:

Focal cerebral ischemia during anesthesia with eto-

midate, isoflurane, or thiopental: A comparison of

the extent of cerebral injury. Neurosurgery 37:742–

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431. Guo J, White J, Batjer H: Limited protective effects

of etomidate during brainstem ischemia in dogs.

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432. Ghoneim MM, Yamada T: Etomidate: A clinical

and electroencephalographic comparison with

thiopental. Anesth Analg 56:479–485, 1977.

433. Lees NW, Hendry JG: Etomidate in urological

outpatient anaesthesia: A clinical evaluation.

Anaesthesia 32:592–597, 1977.

434. Ebrahim E, DeBoer G, Luders H: Effect of etomi-

date on the electroencephalogram of patients with

epilepsy. Anesth Analg 65:1004, 1986.

435. Thornton C, Heneghan CP, Navaratnarajah M, et al:

Effect of etomidate on the auditory evoked response

in man. Br J Anaesth 57:554–561, 1985.

436. Guldager H, Sondergaard I, Jensen FM, Cold G:

Basophil histamine release in asthma patients after

in vitro provocation with Althesin and etomidate.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:352–353, 1985.

437. Morgan M, Lumley J, Whitwam JG: Respiratory

effects of etomidate. Br J Anaesth 49:233–236, 1977.

438. Colvin MP, Savege TM, Newland PE, et al: Cardio-

respiratory changes following induction of anaes-

thesia with etomidate in patients with cardiac

disease. Br J Anaesth 51:551–556, 1979.

439. Craig J, Cooper GM, Sear JW: Recovery from day-

case anaesthesia: Comparison between methohexi-

tone, Althesin and etomidate. Br J Anaesth

54:447–451, 1982.

440. Ouedraogo N, Marthan R, Roux E: The effects of

propofol and etomidate on airway contractility in

chronically hypoxic rats. Anesth Analg 96:1035–

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441. Ogawa K, Tanaka S, Murray PA: Inhibitory effects

of etomidate and ketamine on endothelium-depen-

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442. Gooding JM, Weng JT, Smith RA, et al: Cardiovas-

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demonstrated cardiac disease. Anesth Analg 58:40–

41, 1979.

443. Gooding JM, Corssen G: Effect of etomidate on the

cardiovascular system. Anesth Analg 56:717–719,

1977.

444. Criado A, Maseda J, Navarro E, et al: Induction of

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of 36 patients. Br J Anaesth 52:803–806, 1980.

445. Lischke V, Wilke HJ, Probst S, et al: Prolongation of

the QT-interval during induction of anesthesia in

patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Anaes-

thesiol Scand 38:144–148, 1994.

446. Allolio B, Dorr H, Stuttmann R: Effect of a single

bolus dose of etomidate upon eight major corticos-

teroid hormones and plasma ACTH. Clin Endocri-

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447. Lamberts SW, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH:

Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives eto-

midate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of

metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its pre-

cursors by human adrenocortical cells. J Pharmacol

Exp Ther 240:259–264, 1987.

448. Boidin MP: Steroid response to ACTH and to

ascorbinic acid during infusion of etomidate for

general surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 36:15–22,

1985.

449. Duthie DJ, Fraser R, Nimmo WS: Effect of induc-

tion of anaesthesia with etomidate on corticosteroid

synthesis in man. Br J Anaesth 57:156–159, 1985.

450. Crozier TA, Beck D, Schlaeger M, et al: Endocrino-

logical changes following etomidate, midazolam, or

methohexital for minor surgery. Anesthesiology

66:628–635, 1987.

451. Crozier TA, Schlaeger M, Wuttke W, Kettler D:

[TIVA with etomidate-fentanyl versus midazolam-

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452. Lundy JB, Slane ML, Frizzi JD: Acute adrenal

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453. St Pierre M, Dunkel M, Rutherford A, Hering W:

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in lipid emulsion with propofol for balanced anaes-

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454. Korttila K, Aromaa U: Venous complications after

intravenous injection of diazepam, flunitrazepam,

thiopentone and etomidate. Acta Anaesthesiol

Scand 24:227, 1980.

455. Galloway PA, Nicoll JM, Leiman BC: Pain reduc-

tion with etomidate injection. Anaesthesia 37:352–

353, 1982.

456. Doenicke AW, Roizen MF, Hoernecke R, et al:

Solvent for etomidate may cause pain and adverse

effects. Br J Anaesth 83:464–466, 1999.

457. Huter L, Schreiber T, Gugel M, Schwarzkopf K:

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date-induced myoclonus: A prospective, randomi-

zed study in patients undergoing elective

cardioversion. Anesth Analg 105:1298–1302, 2007.

458. Olkkola KT, Tammisto T: Quantitation of the inte-

raction of rocuronium bromide with etomidate,

fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopentone, and

isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of

infusion of rocuronium. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl

9:99–100, 1994.

459. Famewo C, Odugbesan C: Further experience with

etomidate. Can Anaesth Soc J 25:130, 1978.

460. Van de Wiele B, Rubinstein E, Peacock W, Martin

N: Propylene glycol toxicity caused by prolonged

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461. Shulman MS, Edelmann R: Use of etomidate for

elective cardioversion. Anesthesiology 68:656, 1988.

462. Schuttler J, Schwilden H, Stoekel H: Pharmacokine-

tics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia:

Practical implications. Anaesthesia 38(Suppl)

53–56, 1983.

463. de Bruijn NP, Hlatky MA, Jacobs JR, et al: General

anesthesia during percutaneous transluminary

coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarc-

tion: Results of a randomized controlled clinical

trial. Anesth Analg 68:201–207, 1989.

464. Avramov MN, Husain MM, White PF: The compa-

rative effects of methohexital, propofol, and etomi-

date for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg

81:596–602, 1995.

465. Ledingham I, Finlay W,Watt I: Etomidate and adre-

nocortical function [letter]. Lancet:1434, 1983.

466. Maze M, Tranquilli W: Alpha-2 adrenoceptor ago-

nists: Defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anes-

thesiology 74:581–605, 1991.

467. Kaukinen S, Kaukinen L, Eerola R: Preoperative and

postoperative use of clonidine with neurolept anaes-

thesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 23:113–120, 1979.

468. Bloor BC, FlackeWE: Reduction in halothane anes-

thetic requirement by clonidine, an alpha-adrener-

gic agonist. Anesth Analg 61:741–745, 1982.

469. GerlachAT,

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470. Tobias JD: Dexmedetomidine: applications in

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