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53. Aun CS, Short SM, Leung DH, Oh TE: Induction

dose-response of propofol in unpremedicated chil-

dren. Br J Anaesth 68:64–67, 1992.

54. Smith C, McEwan A, Jhaveri R: Reduction of propo-

fol Cp50 by fentanyl. Anesthesiology 77:A340, 1992.

55. Mackenzie N, Grant IS: Propofol for intravenous

sedation. Anaesthesia 42:3–6, 1987.

56. Wilson E, Mackenzie N, Grant IS: A comparison of

propofol and midazolam by infusion to provide

sedation in patients who receive spinal anaesthesia.

Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):91–94, 1988.

57. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Wronski M, et al: EEG and

memory effects of low-dose infusions of propofol.

Br J Anaesth 69:246–254, 1992.

58. Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Coalson DW, et al: Subjective

and psychomotor effects of subanesthetic doses of

propofol in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology

76:696–702, 1992.

59. Kelly JS, Roy RC: Intraoperative awareness with

propofol-oxygen total intravenous anesthesia for

microlaryngeal surgery. Anesthesiology 77:207–

209, 1992.

60. McDonald NJ, Mannion D, Lee P, et al: Mood eva-

luation and outpatient anaesthesia: A comparison

between propofol and thiopentone. Anaesthesia

43(Suppl)68–69, 1988.

61. Nelson V: Hallucinations after propofol. Anaesthe-

sia 43:170, 1988.

62. Cameron A: Opisthotonos again. Anaesthesia

42:1124, 1987.

63. Hazeau C, Tisserant D, Vespignani H: Electroen-

cephalographic changes produced by propofol.Ann

Fr Anesth Reanim 6:261, 1987.

64. Yate PM, Maynard DE, Major E, et al: Anaesthesia

with ICI 35,868 monitored by the cerebral function

analysing monitor (CFAM). Eur J Anaesthesiol

3:159–166, 1986.

65. Glass PS, Bloom M, Kearse L, et al: Bispectral analy-

sis measures sedation and memory effects of propo-

fol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy

volunteers. Anesthesiology 86:836–847, 1997.

66. Maurette P, Simeon F, Castagnera L, et al: Propofol

anaesthesia alters somatosensory evoked cortical

potentials. Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):44–45, 1988.

67. Savoia G, Esposito C, Belfiore F, et al: Propofol infu-

sion and auditory evoked potentials. Anaesthesia

43(Suppl)46–49, 1988.

68. Vanluchene AL, Vereecke H, Thas O, et al: Spectral

entropy as an electroencephalographic measure of

anesthetic drug effect: A comparison with bispec-

tral index and processed midlatency auditory

evoked response. Anesthesiology 101:34–42, 2004.

69. al-Hader A, Hasan M, Hasan Z: The comparative

effects of propofol, thiopental, and diazepam, admi-

nistered intravenously, on pentylenetetrazol seizure

threshold in the rabbit. Life Sci 51:779–786, 1992.

70. Heavner J, Arthur J, Zou J: Propofol vs. thiopental

for treating bupivacaine induced seizures in rats.

Anesthesiology 77:A802, 1992.

71. Chilvers CR, Laurie PS: Successful use of propofol in

status epilepticus. Anaesthesia 45:995–996, 1990.

72. Dwyer R, McCaughey W, Lavery J, et al: Compari-

son of propofol and methohexitone as anaesthetic

agents for electroconvulsive therapy. Anaesthesia

43:459–462, 1988.

73. Hodkinson BP,Frith RW,Mee EW: Propofol and the

electroencephalogram. Lancet 2:1518, 1987.

74. Committee on Safety of Medicines.: Propofol. Curr

Probl:20, 1987.

75. Keidan I, Perel A, Shabtai EL, Pfeffer RM: Children

undergoing repeated exposures for radiation

therapy do not develop tolerance to propofol: Cli-

nical and bispectral index data. Anesthesiology

100:251–254, 2004.

76. Cohen Y, Feldinger E, Ogorek D, Weinbroum AA:

Increased propofol requirement during succeeding

administrations for electroconvulsive therapy. J

Clin Anesth 16:282–285, 2004.

77. Follette JW, Farley WJ: Anesthesiologist addicted to

propofol. Anesthesiology 77:817–818, 1992.

78. Mendes PM, Silberstein SD, Young WB, et al: Intra-

venous propofol in the treatment of refractory hea-

dache. Headache 42:638–641, 2002.

79. Vandesteene A, Trempont V, Engelman E, et al:

Effect of propofol on cerebral blood flow and meta-

bolism in man. Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):42–43, 1988.

80. Steiner LA, Johnston AJ, Chatfield DA, et al: The

effects of large-dose propofol on cerebrovascular

pressure autoregulation in head-injured patients.

Anesth Analg 97:572–576, 2003.

81. Mirakhur RK, Shepherd WF, Darrah WC: Propofol

or thiopentone: Effects on intraocular pressure

associated with induction of anaesthesia and tra-

cheal intubation (facilitated with suxamethonium).

Br J Anaesth 59:431–436, 1987.

82. Enns J, Gelb A, Manninen P: Cerebral autoregula-

tion is maintained during propofol-nitrous oxide

anaesthesia in humans. Can J Anaesth 39:A43,

1992.

83. Kochs E, Hoffman WE, Werner C, et al: The effects

of propofol on brain electrical activity, neurologic

outcome, and neuronal damage following incom-

plete ischemia in rats. Anesthesiology 76:245–252,

1992.

84. Gelb AW, Bayona NA, Wilson JX, Cechetto DF:

Propofol anesthesia compared to awake reduces

infarct size in rats. Anesthesiology 96:1183–1190,

2002.

85. Bhardwaj A, Castro IA,Alkayed NJ, et al: Anesthetic

choice of halothane versus propofol: Impact on

experimental perioperative stroke. Stroke 32:1920–

1925, 2001.

86. Kaptanoglu E, Sen S, Beskonakli E, et al: Antioxi-

dant actions and early ultrastructural findings of

thiopental and propofol in experimental spinal cord

injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14:114–122, 2002.

87. Amorim P,Chambers G,Cottrell J,Kass IS: Propofol

reduces neuronal transmission damage and atte-

nuates the changes in calcium, potassium, and

sodium during hyperthermic anoxia in the rat

hippocampal slice. Anesthesiology 83:1254–1265,

1995.

88. Ergun R, Adkemir G, Sen S, et al: Neuroprotective

effects of propofol following global cerebral ische-

mia in rats. Neurosurg Rev, 2001.

89. Kawaguchi M,Furuya H,Patel PM: Neuroprotective

effects of anesthetic agents. J Anesth 19:150–156,

2005.

90. Lanigan C, Sury M, Bingham R, et al: Neurological

sequelae in children after prolonged propofol infu-

sion. Anaesthesia 47:810–811, 1992.

91. Vuyk J, Engbers FH, Lemmens HJ, et al: Pharmaco-

dynamics of propofol in female patients. Anesthe-

siology 77:3–9, 1992.

92. Forrest FC, Tooley MA, Saunders PR, Prys-Roberts

C: Propofol infusion and the suppression of cons-

ciousness: The EEG and dose requirements. Br J

Anaesth 72:35–41, 1994.

93. Spelina KR, Coates DP, Monk CR, et al: Dose requi-

rements of propofol by infusion during nitrous

oxide anaesthesia in man. I: Patients premedicated

with morphine sulphate. Br J Anaesth 58:1080–

1084, 1986.

94. Kazama T, Ikeda K, Morita K, Sanjo Y: Awakening

propofol concentration with and without blood-

effect site equilibration after short-term and long-

term administration of propofol and fentanyl

anesthesia. Anesthesiology 88:928–934, 1998.

95. Sanderson JH, Blades JF: Multicentre study of pro-

pofol in day case surgery.Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):70–

73, 1988.

96. Taylor MB, Grounds RM, Mulrooney PD, Morgan

M: Ventilatory effects of propofol during induction

of anaesthesia: Comparison with thiopentone.

Anaesthesia 41:816–820, 1986.

97. Goodman NW, Black AM, Carter JA: Some venti-

latory effects of propofol as sole anaesthetic agent.

Br J Anaesth 59:1497–1503, 1987.

98. Gold MI, Abraham EC, Herrington C: A controlled

investigation of propofol, thiopentone and metho-

hexitone. Can J Anaesth 34:478–483, 1987.

99. Jonsson MM, Lindahl SG, Eriksson LI: Effect of

propofol on carotid body chemosensitivity and

cholinergic chemotransduction.Anesthesiology 102:

110–116, 2005.

100. Conti G,Dell’Utri D,VilardiV,et al: Propofol induces

bronchodilation in mechanically ventilated chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:105–109, 1993.

101. Brown RH, Wagner EM: Mechanisms of broncho-

protection by anesthetic induction agents: Propofol

versus ketamine. Anesthesiology 90:822–828, 1999.

102. Lin CC, Shyr MH, Tan PP, et al: Mechanisms

underlying the inhibitory effect of propofol on the

contraction of canine airway smooth muscle.Anes-

thesiology 91:750–759, 1999.

103. Brown RH, Greenberg RS, Wagner EM: Efficacy of

propofol to prevent bronchoconstriction: Effects of

preservative. Anesthesiology 94:851–855, 2001.

104. Basu S, Mutschler DK, Larsson AO, et al: Propofol

(Diprivan-EDTA) counteracts oxidative injury and

deterioration of the arterial oxygen tension during

experimental septic shock. Resuscitation 50:341–

348, 2001.

105. Chang H, Tsai S, Chang Y, et al: Therapeutic con-

centrations of propofol protects mouse macropha-

ges from nitric oxide-induced cell death and

apoptosis. Can J Anaesth 49:477, 2002.

106. Kondo U, Kim SO, Murray PA: Propofol selectively

attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary

vasodilation in chronically instrumented dogs.

Anesthesiology 93:437–446, 2000.

107. Horibe M, Ogawa K, Sohn JT, Murray PA: Propofol

attenuates acetylcholine-induced pulmonary vaso-

relaxation: Role of nitric oxide and endothelium-

derived hyperpolarizing factors. Anesthesiology

93:447–455, 2000.

108. Larsen R, Rathgeber J, Bagdahn A, et al: Effects of

propofol on cardiovascular dynamics and coronary

blood flow in geriatric patients: A comparison with

etomidate. Anaesthesia 43(Suppl):25–31, 1988.

109. Vermeyen KM, Erpels FA, Janssen LA, et al: Propo-

fol-fentanyl anaesthesia for coronary bypass surgery

in patients with good left ventricular function. Br J

Anaesth 59:1115–1120, 1987.

110. Patrick M, Blair I, Feneck R: A comparison of the

haemodynamic effects of propofol (Diprivan) and

thiopentone in patients with coronary artery

disease. Postgrad Med J 61:23, 1985.

111. Stephan H, Sonntag H, Schenk HD, et al: Effects of

propofoloncardiovasculardynamics,myocardialblood

flow and myocardial metabolism in patients with coro-

nary artery disease. Br J Anaesth 58:969–975, 1986.

112. Coates D, Prys-Roberts C, Spelina K: Propofol

(Diprivan) by intravenous infusion with nitrous

oxide: Dose requirements and hemodynamic

effects. Postgrad Med J 61:76, 1985.

113. Van Aken H, Meinshausen E, Prien T, et al: The

influence of fentanyl and tracheal intubation on the

hemodynamic effects of anesthesia induction with

propofol/N

2

O in humans. Anesthesiology 68:157–

163, 1988.

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