1582 / 2894
94. Fuchs PN, Pappagallo M, Meyer RA: Topical EMLA
pre-treatment fails to decrease the pain induced by
1% topical capsaicin. Pain 80:637-642, 1999.
95. Tanelian DL, MacIver MB: Analgesic concentra-
tions of lidocaine suppress tonic A-delta and C fiber
discharges produced by acute injury. Anesthesio-
logy 74:934-936, 1991.
96. Yanagidate F, Strichartz GR: Local anesthetics.
Handb Exp Pharmacol 177:95-127, 2007.
97. Khaliq W, Alam S, Puri N: Topical lidocaine for the
treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2:CD004846, 2007.
98. Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, et al:
Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of
life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneu-
ropathy. Arch Neurol 61:914-918, 2004.
99. Kopf A, Schmidt S, Stein C: Topical administration
of analgesics.
In
Bruera E, Higginson IJ, Ripamonti
C, von Gunten CF (eds): Textbook of Palliative
Medicine. London, Hodder Arnold, 2006,
pp 450-457.
100. Endres-Becker J, Heppenstall PA, Mousa SA, et al:
Mu-opioid receptor activation modulates transient
receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) currents in
sensory neurons in a model of inflammatory pain.
Mol Pharmacol 71:12-18, 2007.
101. Puehler W, Zöllner C, Brack A, et al: Rapid upregu-
lation of mu opioid receptor mRNA in dorsal root
ganglia in response to peripheral inflammation
depends on neuronal conduction. Neuroscience
129:473-479, 2004.
102. Hassan AHS, Ableitner A, Stein C, Herz A: Inflam-
mation of the rat paw enhances axonal transport of
opioid receptors in the sciatic nerve and increases
their density in the inflamed tissue. Neuroscience
55:185-195, 1993.
103. Zöllner C, Shaqura MA, Bopaiah CP, et al: Painful
inflammation-induced increase in mu-opioid
receptor binding and G-protein coupling in primary
afferent neurons. Mol Pharmacol 64:202-210, 2003.
104. Antonijevic I, Mousa SA, Schäfer M, Stein C:
Perineurial defect and peripheral opioid analge-
sia in inflammation. J Neurosci 15:165-172,
1995.
105. Picard PR, Tramer MR, McQuay HJ, Moore RA:
Analgesic efficacy of peripheral opioids (all except
intra-articular): A qualitative systematic review of
randomised controlled trials. Pain 72:309-318,
1997.
106. Likar R, Mousa SA, Philippitsch G, et al: Increased
numbers of opioid expressing inflammatory cells
do not affect intra-articular morphine analgesia. Br
J Anaesth 93:375-380, 2004.
107. Stein C, Pflüger M, Yassouridis A, et al: No tolerance
to peripheral morphine analgesia in presence of
opioid expression in inflamed synovia. J Clin Invest
98:793-799, 1996.
108. Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E, et al: Analgesic effect
of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee
surgery. N Engl J Med 325:1123-1126, 1991.
109. Kalso E, Smith L, McQuay HJ, Moore RA: No pain,
no gain: Clinical excellence and scientific rigour—
lessons learned from IAmorphine. Pain 98:269-275,
2002.
110. Recommendations for the medical management of
osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update.
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee
on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum
43:1905-1915, 2000.
111. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in
the perioperative setting: An updated report by the
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force
on Acute Pain Management. Anesthesiology
100:1573-1581, 2004.
112. Likar R, Shäfer M, Paulak F, et al: Intraarticular
morphine analgesia in chronic pain patients with
osteoarthritis. Anesth Analg 84:1313-1317, 1997.
113. Stein A, Yassouridis A, Szopko C, et al: Intraarticular
morphine versus dexamethasone in chronic arthri-
tis. Pain 83:525-532, 1999.
114. Kalso E, Tramer MR, McQuay HJ, Moore RA: Sys-
temic local-anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain:
A systematic review. Eur J Pain 2:3-14, 1998.
115. Hempenstall K, Nurmikko TJ, Johnson RW, et al:
Analgesic therapy in postherpetic neuralgia: A
quantitative systematic review. PLoS Med 2:e164,
2005.
116. Sanders RD, Maze M: Adrenergic and cholinergic
compounds. Handb Exp Pharmacol 177:251-264,
2007.
117. Freitag FG: Botulinum toxin type A in chronic
migraine. Expert Rev Neurother 7:463-470, 2007.
118. Peloso P, Gross A, Haines T, et al: Medicinal and
injection therapies for mechanical neck disor-
ders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD000319,
2005.
119. Ho KY, Tan KH: Botulinum toxin A for myofascial
trigger point injection: A qualitative systematic
review. Eur J Pain 11:519-527, 2007.
120. Clark GT, Stiles A, Lockerman LZ, Gross SG: A cri-
tical review of the use of botulinum toxin in orofa-
cial pain disorders. Dent ClinNorthAm51:245-261,
ix, 2007.
121. Cheng CM, Chen JS, Patel RP: Unlabeled uses of
botulinum toxins: A review, part 1. Am J Health Syst
Pharm 63:145-152, 2006.
122. Vainio A, Auvinen A: Prevalence of symptoms
among patients with advanced cancer: An interna-
tional collaborative study. Symptom Prevalence
Group. J Pain Symptom Manage 12:3-10, 1996.
123. McNicol E, Horowitz-Mehler N, Fisk RA, et al:
Management of opioid side effects in cancer-related
and chronic noncancer pain: A systematic review.
J Pain 4:231-256, 2003.
124. Kris MG, Hesketh PJ, Somerfield MR, et al: Ameri-
can Society of Clinical Oncology guideline for
antiemetics in oncology: Update 2006. J Clin Oncol
24:2932-2947, 2006.
125. Sanger GJ, Andrews PL: Treatment of nausea and
vomiting: Gaps in our knowledge. Auton Neurosci
129:3-16, 2006.
126. Herndon CM, Jackson KC, 2nd, Hallin PA: Mana-
gement of opioid-induced gastrointestinal effects in
patients receiving palliative care. Pharmacotherapy
22:240-250, 2002.
127. Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, et al: Canna-
binoids for control of chemotherapy induced
nausea and vomiting: Quantitative systematic
review. BMJ 323:16-21, 2001.
128. Swegle JM, Logemann C: Management of common
opioid-induced adverse effects. Am Fam Physician
74:1347-1354, 2006.
129. PaulsonDM, Kennedy DT, Donovick RA, et al: Alvi-
mopan: An oral, peripherally acting, mu-opioid
receptor antagonist for the treatment of opioid-
induced bowel dysfunction—a 21-day treatment-
randomized clinical trial. J Pain 6:184-192, 2005.
130. Holzer P: Treatment of opioid-induced gut dys-
function. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 16:181-194,
2007.
131. Ripamonti C, Mercadante S, Groff L, et al: Role of
octreotide, scopolamine butylbromide, and hydra-
tion in symptom control of patients with inoperable
bowel obstruction and nasogastric tubes: A pros-
pective randomized trial. J Pain Symptom Manage
19:23-34, 2000.
132. Lever IJ, Rice AS: Cannabinoids and pain. Handb
Exp Pharmacol 177:265-306, 2007.
133. Yesilyurt O, Dogrul A, Gul H, et al: Topical canna-
binoid enhances topical morphine antinociception.
Pain 105:303-308, 2003.
134. Agarwal N, Packer P, Tegeder I, et al: Cannabinoids
mediate analgesia largely via peripheral type 1 can-
nabinoid receptors in nociceptors. Nat Neurosci
10:870-879, 2007.
135. Campbell FA, Tramèr MR, Carroll D, et al: Are can-
nabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in
the management of pain? A qualitative systematic
review. BMJ 323:13-16, 2001.
136. Staats PS, Yearwood T, Charapata SG, et al: Intrathe-
cal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in
patients with cancer or AIDS: A randomized con-
trolled trial. JAMA 291:63-70, 2004.
137. Sawynok J: Adenosine and ATP receptors. Handb
Exp Pharmacol 177:309-328, 2007.
138. Bacon DR, Reddy V, Murphy OT: Regional anesthe-
sia and chronic pain management in the 1920s and
1930s. The influence of the American Society of
Regional Anesthesia. Reg Anesth 20:185-192, 1995.
139. Hogan QH, Abram SE: Neural blockade for diagno-
sis and prognosis. A review. Anesthesiology 86:216-
241, 1997.
140. Cohen SP, Raja SN: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint
pain. Anesthesiology 106:591-614, 2007.
141. Hansen HC, McKenzie-Brown AM, Cohen SP, et al:
Sacroiliac joint interventions: A systematic review.
Pain Physician 10:165-184, 2007.
142. Fink BR, Cairns AM: Lack of size-related differen-
tial sensitivity to equilibrium conduction block
among mammalian myelinated axons exposed to
lidocaine. Anesth Analg 66:948-953, 1987.
143. Miguel R: Interventional treatment of cancer
pain: The fourth step in the World Health Orga-
nization analgesic ladder? Cancer Control 7:149-
156, 2000.
144. Zech DF, Grond S, Lynch J, et al: Validation of World
Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain
relief: A 10-year prospective study. Pain 63:65-76,
1995.
145. Eisenberg E, Carr DB, Chalmers TC: Neurolytic
celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: A
meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 80:290-295, 1995.
146. de Leon-Casasola OA: Interventional procedures
for cancer pain management: When are they indi-
cated? Cancer Invest 22:630-642, 2004.
147. Lema MJ: Invasive analgesia techniques for advan-
ced cancer pain. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 10:127-136,
2001.
148. Markman JD, Philip A: Interventional approaches
to pain management. Med Clin North Am 91:271-
286, 2007.
149. Brown DL, Moore DC: The use of neurolytic celiac
plexus block for pancreatic cancer: Anatomy and
technique. J Pain Symptom Manage 3:206-209,
1988.
150. Lieberman RP, Waldman SD: Celiac plexus neuro-
lysis with the modified transaortic approach. Radio-
logy 175:274-276, 1990.
151. Okuyama M, Shibata T, Morita T, et al: A compari-
son of intraoperative celiac plexus block with phar-
macological therapy as a treatment for pain of
unresectable pancreatic cancer. J Hepatobiliary
Pancreat Surg 9:372-375, 2002.
152. Yuen TS, Ng KF, Tsui SL: Neurolytic celiac plexus
block for visceral abdominal malignancy: Is prior
1582
Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto
IV