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190. William JM, Stoddart PA, Williams SA, Wolf AR:

Post-operative recovery after inguinal herniotomy

in ex-premature infants: Comparison between sevo-

flurane and spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 86:366–

371, 2001.

191. Imbelloni LE, Vieira EM, Sperni F, et al: Spinal anes-

thesia in children with isobaric local anesthetics:

Report on 307 patients under 13 years of age. Pae-

diatr Anaesth 16:43–48, 2006.

192. Puncuh F, Lampugnani E, Kokki H: Use of spinal

anaesthesia in paediatric patients: A single centre

experience with 1132 cases. Paediatr Anaesth

14:564–567, 2004.

193. Kokki H, Ylönen P, Laisalmi M, et al: Isobaric ropi-

vacaine 5mg/ml for spinal anesthesia in children.

Anesth Analg 100:66–70, 2005.

194. Hammer GB, Ramamoorthy C, Cao H, et al: Posto-

perative analgesia after spinal blockade in infants

and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth

Analg 100:1283–1288, 2005.

195. Katznelson R, Mishaly D, Hegesh T, et al: Spinal

anesthesia for diagnostic cardiac catheterization in

high-risk infants. Paediatr Anaesth 15:50–53, 2005.

196. Rice LJ, DeMars PD, Whalen TV, et al: Duration of

spinal anesthesia in infants less than one year of age:

Comparison of three hyperbaric techniques. Reg

Anesth 19:325–329, 1994.

197. Frawley G, Skinner A, Thomas J, Smith S: Ropiva-

caine spinal anesthesia in neonates: A dose range

finding study. Pediatr Anesth 17:126–132, 2007.

198. Frawley GP, Farrell T, Smith S: Levobupivacaine

spinal anesthesia in neonates: A dose range finding

study. Pediatr Anesth 14:838–844, 2004.

199. Shenkman Z, Hoppenstein D, Litmanowitz I, et al:

Spinalanesthesiain62premature,former-premature

or young infants—technical aspects and pitfalls.

Can J Anaesth 49:262–269, 2002.

200. Kokki H, Hendolin H, Turunen M: Postdural

puncture headache and transient neurologic symp-

toms in children after spinal anesthesia using

cutting and pencil point paediatric spinal needles.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:1076–1082, 1998.

201. Cornish PB, Leaper CJ, Hahn JL: The “axillary

tunnel”: An anatomic reappraisal of the limits and

dynamics of spread during brachial plexus bloc-

kade. Anesth Analg 104:1288–1291, 2007.

202. Dalens B: Peripheral blocks of the upper extremity.

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Wilkins, 1995, pp 275–312.

203. Brown TC, Eyres RL, McDougall RJ: Local and

regional anaesthesia in children. Br J Anaesth

83:65–77, 1999.

204. Pande R, Pande M, Bhadani U, et al: Supraclavicular

brachial plexus block as a sole anaesthetic technique

in children: An analysis of 200 cases. Anaesthesia

55:798–802, 2000.

205. Tobias JD: Brachial plexus anaesthesia in children.

Paediatr Anaesth 11:265–275, 2001.

206. Carre P, Joly A, Cluzel Field B, et al: Axillary block

in children: Single or multiple injection? Paediatr

Anaesth 10:35, 2000.

207. Bigeleisen P, Wilson M: A comparison of two tech-

niques for ultrasound guided infraclavicular block.

Br J Anaesth 96:502–507, 2006.

208. Zimmermann P, Papenfuss T, Schwemmer U, Greim

CA: Vertical infraclavicular brachial plexus block

in a child with cystic fibrosis. Anesth Analg 95:

1825–1826, 2002.

209. de Jose Maria B, Tielens LK: Vertical infraclavicular

brachial plexus block in children: A preliminary

study. Paediatr Anaesth 14:931–935, 2004.

210. Wang FY, Wu SH, Lu IC, et al: Ultrasonographic exa-

mination to search out the optimal upper arm posi-

tion for coracoid approach to infraclavicular brachial

plexus block—a volunteer study: Neurostimulation

in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block: a pros-

pective randomized trial. Anesth Analg 104:1275–

1280, 2007.

211. Fleischmann E, Marhofer P, Greher M, et al: Brachial

plexus anaesthesia in children: Lateral infraclavicu-

lar vs axillary approach. Paediatr Anaesth 13:103–

108, 2003.

212. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A: A new parasca-

lene approach to the brachial plexus in children:

Comparison with the supraclavicular approach.

Anesth Analg 66:1264–1271, 1987.

213. McNeely JK, Hoffman GM, Eckert JE: Postoperative

pain relief in children from the parascalene injec-

tion technique. Reg Anesth 16:20–22, 1991.

214. Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, Greher M, et al: Ultrasound

guidance for infraclavicular brachial plexus anaes-

thesia in children. Anaesthesia 59:642–646, 2004.

215. Soeding PE, Sha S, Royse CE, et al: A randomized

trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthe-

sia in upper limb surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care

33:719–725, 2005.

216. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, et al: Acute

and nonacute complications associated with inters-

calene block and shoulder surgery: A prospective

study. Anesthesiology 95:875–980, 2001.

217. Chiu DT: Transthecal digital block: Flexor tendon

sheath used for anesthetic infusion. J Hand Surg

[Am] 15:471–477, 1990.

218. Knoop K, Trott A, Syverud S: Comparison of digital

versus metacarpal blocks for repair of finger inju-

ries. Ann Emerg Med 23:1296–1300, 1994.

219. Stewart B, Tudur Smith C, Teebay L, et al: Emer-

gency department use of a continuous femoral

nerve block for pain relief for fractured femur in

children. Emerg Med J 24:113–114, 2007.

220. Foss NB, Kristensen BB, Bundgaard M, et al: Fascia

iliaca compartment blockade for acute pain control

in hip fracture patients: A randomized, placebo-

controlled trial. Anesthesiology 106:773–778,

2007.

221. Maccani RM, Wedel DJ, Melton A, Gronert GA:

Femoral and lateral cutaneous nerve block for

muscle biopsy in children. Paediatr Anaesth 5:

223–227, 1995.

222. Johnson CM: Continuous femoral nerve blockade

for analgesia in children with femoral fractures.

Anaesth Intensive Care 22:281–283, 1994.

223. Tobias JD: Continuous femoral nerve block to

provide analgesia following femur fracture in a pae-

diatric ICU population. Anaesth Intensive Care

22:616–618, 1994.

224. Ganesh A, Cucchiaro G: Evidence of nerve puncture

during ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks.

Anesthesiology 106:1246–1247, 2007.

225. Williams BA, Kentor ML, Bottegal MT: The inci-

dence of falls at home in patients with perineural

femoral catheters: A retrospective summary of a

randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg 104:1002,

2007.

226. Muraskin SI, Conrad B, Zheng N, et al: Falls asso-

ciated with lower-extremity-nerve blocks: A pilot

investigation of mechanisms. Reg Anesth Pain Med

32:67–72, 2007.

227. Schuepfer G, Johr M: Psoas compartment block in

children. Part I. Description of the technique. Pae-

diatr Anaesth 15:461–464, 2005.

228. Dalens B, Tanguy A, Vanneuville G: Lumbar plexus

block in children: A comparison of two procedures

in 50 patients. Anesth Analg 67:750–758, 1988.

229. Winnie AP: Regional anesthesia. Surg Clin Norh

Am 55:861–892, 1975.

230. Oberndorfer U, Marhofer P, Bösenberg A, et al:

Ultrasonographic guidance for sciatic and femoral

nerve blocks in children. Br J Anaesth 98:797–801,

2007.

231. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A: Comparison of

the fascia iliaca compartment block with the 3-in-1

block in children. Anesth Analg 69:705–713, 1989.

232. McNicol LR: Sciatic nerve block for children—

Sciatic nerve block by the anterior approach for

postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 40:410–414,

1985.

233. Gray AT, Collins AB, Schafhalter-Zoppoth I: Sciatic

nerve block in a child: A sonographic approach.

Anesth Analg 97:1300–1302, 2003.

234. Dalens B, Tanguy A, Vanneuville G: Sciatic nerve

blocks in children: Comparison of the posterior,

anterior, and lateral approaches in 180 pediatric

patients. Anesth Analg 70:131–137, 1990.

235. Konrad C, Johr M: Blockade of the sciatic nerve in

the popliteal fossa: A system for standardization in

children. Anesth Analg 87:1256–1258, 1998.

236. Matsota P, Livanios S, Marinopoulou E: Intercostal

nerve block with bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy

pain relief in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 11:21–22,

2001.

237. Downs CS, Cooper MG: Continuous extrapleural

intercostal nerve block for post thoracotomy anal-

gesia in children. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:

390–397, 1997.

238. Karmakar MM, Critchley L: Continuous extrapleu-

ral intercostal nerve block for post thoracotomy

analgesia in children. Anaesth Intensive Care

26:115–116, 1998.

239. Maurer K, Rentsch KM, Dullenkopf A, et al: Conti-

nuous extrapleural infusion of ropivacaine in chil-

dren: Is it safe? Can J Anaesth 52:112–113, 2005.

240. Courrèges P, Poddevin F, Lecoutre D: Para-umbilical

block: A new concept for regional anaesthesia in

children. Paediatr Anaesth 7:211–214, 1997.

241. Willschke H, Bosenberg A, Marhofer P, et al:

Ultrasonography-guided rectus sheath block in pae-

diatric anesthesia—a new approach to an old tech-

nique. Br J Anaesth 97:244–249, 2006.

242. Naja ZM, Raf M, El rajab M, et al: A comparison of

nerve stimulator guided paravertebral block and

ilioinguinal nerve block for analgesia after inguinal

herniorrhaphy in children. Anaesthesia 61:1064–

1068, 2006.

243. Willschke H, Marhofer P, Bosenberg A, et al: Ultra-

sonography for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve

blocks in children. Br J Anaesth 95:226–230, 2005.

244. Johr M, Sossai R: Colonic puncture during ilioingui-

nal nerve block in a child. Anesth Analg 88:1051–

1052, 1999.

245. Amory C, Mariscal A, Guyot E, et al: Is ilioinguinal/

iliohypogastric nerve block always totally safe in

children? Paediatr Anaesth 13:164–166, 2003.

246. Frigon C, Mai R, Valois-Gomez T, Desparmet

J: Bowel hematoma following an iliohypogastric-ilioinguinal nerve block. Paediatr Anaesth 16:993–

996, 2006.

247. Rosario DJ, Skinner PP, Raftery AT: Transient

femoral nerve palsy complicating preoperative ilio-

inguinal nerve blockade for inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Br J Surg 81:897, 1994.

248. Lipp AK, Woodcock J, Hensman B, Wilkinson K: Leg

weakness is a complication of ilio-inguinal nerve

block in children. Br J Anaesth 92:273–274, 2004.

249. ShivashanmugamT, Kundra P, Sudhakar S: Iliac com-

partment block following ilioinguinal iliohypogastric

nerve block. Paediatr Anaesth 16:1084–1086, 2006.

250. Naja MZ, Al-Tannir MA, Maaliki H, et al: Nerve-

stimulator-guided repeated pudendal nerve block

for treatment of pudendal neuralgia. Eur J Anaes-

thesiol 23:442–444, 2006.

251. Sandeman DJ, Dilley AV: Ultrasound guided dorsal

penile nerve block in children. Anaesth Intensive

Care 35:266–269, 2007.

252. Schuepfer G, Johr M: Generating a learning curve

for penile block in neonates, infants and children:

An empirical evaluation of technical skills in novice

and experienced anaesthetists. Paediatr Anaesth

14:574–578, 2004.

253. Sara CA, Lowry CJ: A complication of circumcision

and dorsal nerve block of the penis. Anaesth Inten-

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254. Aslan A, Karaguzel G, MelikogluM: Severe ischemia

of the glans penis following circumcision: A suc-

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