with ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo. Anesthe-
siology 92:958-967, 2000.
18. Watcha MF: The cost-effective management of
postoperative nausea and vomiting [editorial;
comment]. Anesthesiology 92:931-933, 2000.
19. Sanger GJ, Andrews PL: Treatment of nausea and
vomiting: Gaps in our knowledge. Auton Neurosci
129:3-16, 2006.
20. Andrews PLR: Physiology of nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth 69:2S-19S, 1992.
21. Spiller R: Recent advances in understanding the
role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility in
functional bowel disorders: Alterations in 5-HT
signalling and metabolism in human disease.
Neurogastroenterol Motil 19(Suppl 2)25-31,
2007.
22. Horn CC, Richardson EJ, Andrews PL, Friedman
MI: Differential effects on gastrointestinal and
hepatic vagal afferent fibers in the rat by the anti-
cancer agent cisplatin. Auton Neurosci 115:74-81,
2004.
23. Laer S, Scholz J, Ritterbach C, et al: Association
between increased 5-HIAA plasma concentrations
and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients
undergoing general anaesthesia for surgery. Eur J
Anaesthesiol 18:833-835, 2001.
24. Lang IM: Noxious stimulation of emesis. Dig Dis
Sci 44:58S-63S, 1999.
25. Miller AD, Leslie RA: The area postrema and
vomiting. Front Neuroendocrinol 15:301-320,
1994.
26. Wang SC, Borison HL: The vomiting center; a criti-
cal experimental analysis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry
63:928-941, 1950.
27. Wang SC, Borison HL: The vomiting center; its des-
truction by radon implantation in dog medulla
oblongata. Am J Physiol 166:712-717, 1951.
28. Wang SC, Borison HL: Copper sulphate emesis; a
study of afferent pathways from the gastrointestinal
tract. Am J Physiol 164:520-526, 1951.
29. Wang SC, Borison HL: A new concept of organiza-
tion of the central emetic mechanism: Recent
studies on the sites of action of apomorphine,
copper sulfate and cardiac glycosides. Gastroente-
rology 22:1-12, 1952.
30. Borison HL, Wang SC: Physiology and pharmaco-
logy of vomiting. Pharmacol Rev 5:193-230, 1953.
31. Shupak A, Gordon CR: Motion sickness: Advances in
pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment.
Aviat Space Environ Med 77:1213-1223, 2006.
32. Golding JF, Gresty MA: Motion sickness. Curr Opin
Neurol 18:29-34, 2005.
33. Sherman CR: Motion sickness: Review of causes
and preventive strategies. J Travel Med 9:251-256,
2002.
34. Bos JE, Damala D, Lewis C, et al: Susceptibility to
seasickness. Ergonomics 50:890-901, 2007.
35. Schwartzberg LS: Chemotherapy-induced nausea
and vomiting: Clinician and patient perspectives.
J Support Oncol 5:5-12, 2007.
36. Apfel CC, Roewer N: Risk assessment of postopera-
tive nausea and vomiting. Int Anesthesiol Clin
41:13-32, 2003.
37. Sinclair DR, Chung F, Mezei G: Can postoperative
nausea and vomiting be predicted? Anesthesiology
91:109-118, 1999.
38. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Eberhart LH: Comparison of
surgical site and patient’s history with a simplified
risk score for the prediction of postoperative nausea
and vomiting. Anaesthesia 59:1078-1082, 2004.
39. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Felbinger TW, et al:
[Results of a survey of anesthetists on postoperative
nausea and vomiting]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed
Notfallmed Schmerzther 33:545-551, 1998.
40. Kranke P, Apfel CC, Papenfuss T, et al: An increased
body mass index is no risk factor for postoperative
nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and
results of original data. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
45:160-166, 2001.
41. Hovorka J, Korttila K, Erkola O: The experience of
the person ventilating the lungs does influence
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Acta Anaesthe-
siol Scand 34:203-205, 1990.
42. Hechler A, Naujoks F, Ataman K, Hopf HB: [The
incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting is
not effected by routinely applied manual pre-oxy-
genation during induction of anesthesia]. Anasthe-
siol
Intensivmed
Notfallmed
Schmerzther
34:684-688, 1999.
43. Hovorka J, Korttila K, Erkola O: Gastric aspiration
at the end of anaesthesia does not decrease posto-
perative nausea and vomiting. Anaesth Intensive
Care 18:58-61, 1990.
44. Trepanier CA, Isabel L: Perioperative gastric aspira-
tion increases postoperative nausea and vomiting in
outpatients. Can J Anaesth 40:325-328, 1993.
45. Kerger H, Mascha E, Steinbrecher B, et al: Does
nasogastric tube use reduce the risk of postopera-
tive nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg 2009, in
press.
46. Tramer MR, Fuchs-Buder T: Omitting antagonismof
neuromuscular block: effect on postoperative nausea
and vomiting and risk of residual paralysis. A syste-
matic review. Br J Anaesth 82:379-386, 1999.
47. Cheng CR, Sessler DI, Apfel CC: Does neostigmine
administration produce a clinically important
increase in postoperative nausea and vomiting?
Anesth Analg 101:1349-1355, 2005.
48. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Georgieff M: [The mens-
truation cycle in the postoperative phase: Its effect
of the incidence of nausea and vomiting]. Anaesthe-
sist 49:532-535, 2000.
49. Eberhart LH, Jakobi G, Winterhalter M, Georgieff
M: [Impact of environmental factors on the inci-
dence of postoperative nausea and vomiting:
Influence of the weather and cycle of the moon].
Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther
35:635-640, 2000.
50. Kredel M, Goepfert C, Bassi D, et al: The influence
of the weather and the phase of the moon on posto-
perative nausea and vomiting. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 50:488-494, 2006.
51. Apfel CC, Greim CA, Haubitz I, et al: A risk score
to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting
in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:495-501,
1998.
52. Apfel CC, Greim CA, Haubitz I, et al: The discrimi-
nating power of a risk score for postoperative vomi-
ting in adults undergoing various types of surgery.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:502-509, 1998.
53. Junger A, Hartmann B, Benson M, et al: The use of
an anesthesia information management system for
prediction of antiemetic rescue treatment at the
postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 92:1203-
1209, 2001.
54. Pierre S, Benais H, Pouymayou J: Apfel’s simplified
score may favourably predict the risk of postopera-
tive nausea and vomiting. Can J Anesth 49:237-242,
2002.
55. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Eberhart LHJ, et al: A compa-
rison of predicting models for postoperative nausea
and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 88:234-240, 2002.
56. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al: A factorial
trial of six interventions for the prevention of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med
350:2441-2451, 2004.
57. van den Bosch JE, Kalkman CJ, Vergouwe Y, et al:
Assessing the applicability of scoring systems for
predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia 60:323-331, 2005.
58. Wallenborn J, Rudolph C, Gelbrich G, et al: The
impact of isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane on
the frequency and severity of postoperative nausea
and vomiting after lumbar disc surgery. J Clin
Anesth 19:180-185, 2007.
59. Tarkkila P, Isola J: A regression model for identi-
fying patients at high risk of hypotension, bradycar-
dia and nausea during spinal anesthesia. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 36:554-558, 1992.
60. Carpenter RL, Caplan RA, Brown DL, et al: Inci-
dence and risk factors for side effects of spinal anes-
thesia. Anesthesiology 76:906-916, 1992.
61. Hesketh P, Navari R, Grote T, et al: Double-blind,
randomized comparison of the antiemetic efficacy
of intravenous dolasetron mesylate and intravenous
ondansetron in the prevention of acute cisplatin-
induced emesis in patients with cancer. Dolasetron
Comparative Chemotherapy-induced Emesis Pre-
vention Group. J Clin Oncol 14:2242-2249, 1996.
62. Klosterhalfen S, Kellermann S, Pan F, et al: Effects of
ethnicity and gender on motion sickness susceptibi-
lity. Aviat Space Environ Med 76:1051-1057, 2005.
63. Fell DB, Dodds L, Joseph KS, et al: Risk factors for
hyperemesis gravidarum requiring hospital admis-
sion during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 107:277-284,
2006.
64. Apfel CC, Greim CA, Goepfert C, et al: Postopera-
tive vomiting: A score for its prediction after inha-
lational anaesthesia. Der Anaesthesist 47:732-740,
1998.
65. Barr RS, Pizzagalli DA, Culhane MA, et al: A Single
dose of nicotine enhances reward responsiveness in
nonsmokers: Implications for development of
dependence. Biol Psychiatry 63:1061-1065, 2007.
66. Greenland S, Satterfield MH, Lanes SF: A meta-
analysis to assess the incidence of adverse effects
associated with the transdermal nicotine patch.
Drug Saf 18:297-308, 1998.
67. Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Engberg G: Excitatory and
inhibitory responses of dopamine neurons in the
ventral tegmental area to nicotine. Synapse 43:227-
237, 2002.
68. Van den Bosch JE, Moons KG, Bonsel GJ, Kalkman
CJ: Does measurement of preoperative anxiety have
added value for predicting postoperative nausea
and vomiting? Anesth Analg 100:1525-1532, 2005.
69. Eberhart LH, Geldner G, Kranke P, et al: The deve-
lopment and validation of a risk score to predict the
probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric
patients. Anesth Analg 99:1630-1637, 2004.
70. Wang SM, Kain ZN: Preoperative anxiety and
postoperative nausea and vomiting in children: Is
there an association? Anesth Analg 90:571-575,
2000.
71. Eger EI II, Kraft ID, Keasling HH: A comparison of
atropine, or scopolamine, plus pentobarbital, mepe-
ridine, or morphine as pediatric preanesthetic
medication. Anesthesiology 22:962-969, 1961.
72. Anderson BJ, Ralph CJ, Stewart AW, et al: The dose-
effect relationship for morphine and vomiting after
day-stay tonsillectomy in children. Anaesth Inten-
sive Care 28:155-160, 2000.
73. Langevin S, Lessard MR, Trepanier CA, Baribault JP:
Alfentanil causes less postoperative nausea and
vomiting than equipotent doses of fentanyl or sufen-
tanil in outpatients. Anesthesiology 91:1666-1673,
1999.
74. Cann C, Curran J, Milner T, Ho B: Unwanted effects
of morphine-6-glucoronide and morphine. Anaes-
thesia 57:1200-1203, 2002.
75. Hanna MH, Elliott KM, Fung M: Randomized,
double-blind study of the analgesic efficacy of
2518
Cuidados postoperatorios
VI