12. Bouillon TW, Bruhn J, Radulescu L, et al: Pharma-
codynamic interaction between propofol and remi-
fentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of
laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencepha-
lographic approximate entropy. Anesthesiology
100:1353-1372, 2004.
13. Egan TD, Muir KT, Hermann DJ, et al: The electro-
encephalogram (EEG) and clinical measure of
opioid potency: Defining the EEG–clinical potency
relationship (“fingerprint”) with application to
remifentanil. Int J Pharm Med 15:1-9, 2001.
14. Wynands JE, Wong P, Townsend GE, et al: Narcotic
requirements for intravenous anesthesia. Anesth
Analg 63:101-105, 1984.
15. Sebel PS, Glass PS, Fletcher JE, et al: Reduction of
the MAC of desflurane with fentanyl. Anesthesio-
logy 6:52-59, 1992.
16. McEwan AI, Smith C, Dyar O, et al: Isoflurane
minimum alveolar concentration reduction by
fentanyl. Anesthesiology 78:864-869, 1993.
17. Vuyk J, Lim T, Engbers FH, et al: The pharmacody-
namic interaction of propofol and alfentanil during
lower abdominal surgery in women.Anesthesiology
83:8-22, 1995.
18. Smith C, McEwan AI, Jhaveri R, et al: The interac-
tion of fentanyl on the Cp
50
of propofol for loss of
consciousness and skin incision. Anesthesiology
81:820-828, 1994.
19. Kazama T,Ikeda K,Morita K: Reduction by fentanyl
of the Cp
50
values of propofol and hemodynamic
responses to various noxious stimuli. Anesthesio-
logy 87:213-227, 1997.
20. Kazama T, Ikeda K, Morita K, et al: Propofol con-
centration required for endotracheal intubation
with a laryngoscope or fiberscope and its interac-
tion with fentanyl. Anesth Analg 86:872-879, 1998.
21. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Short TG, et al: Response
surface model for anesthetic drug interactions.
Anesthesiology 92:1603-1816, 2000.
22. Rampil IJ, Mason P, Singh H: Anesthetic potency
(MAC) is independent of forebrain structures in the
rat. Anesthesiology 78:707-712, 1993.
23. Antognini JF, Schwartz K: Exaggerated anesthetic
requirements in the preferentially anesthetized
brain. Anesthesiology 79:1244-1249, 1993.
24. Hendrickx JFA, Eger EI II, Sonner JM, ShaferF SL:
Is synergy the rule? A review of anesthetic interac-
tions producing hypnosis and immobility. Anesth
Analg 107:494-506, 2008.
25. Eger EI II: Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic con-
centration, and minimum alveolar anesthetic con-
centration–awake. Anesth Analg 93:947-953, 2001.
26. Daniel M, Weiskopf RB, Noorani M, Eger EI II:
Fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic
response to incision (MAC-BAR) produced by des-
flurane and isoflurane: Desflurane and isoflurane
MAC-BAR without and with fentanyl. Anesthesio-
logy 88:43-49, 1998.
27. Hornbein TF, Eger EI II, Winter PM, et al: The
minimum alveolar concentration of nitrous oxide
in man. Anesth Analg 61:553-556, 1982.
28. Ausems ME, Hug CC Jr, Stanski DR, Burm AG:
Plasma concentrations of alfentanil required to sup-
plement nitrous oxide anesthesia for general
surgery. Anesthesiology 65:362-373, 1986.
29. Ghouri AF,White PF: Effect of fentanyl and nitrous
oxide on the desflurane anesthetic requirement.
Anesth Analg 72:377-381, 1991.
30. Stuart PC, Stott SM, Millar A, et al: Cp
50
of propofol
with and without nitrous oxide 67%. Br J Anaesth
4:638-639, 2000.
31. Hobbs A, Bush G, Downham D: Perioperative drea-
ming and awareness in children. Anaesthesia
43:560-562, 1988.
32. Ghoneim M: Awareness during Anesthesia. Oxford,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001, pp1-22.
33. Pollard R, Coyle J, Gilbert R, Beck J: Intraoperative
awareness in a regional medical system.A review of
3 years’ data. Anesthesiology 106:269-274, 2007.
34. ASA Advisory Committee: Practice advisory for
intraoperative awareness and brain function moni-
toring: A report by the American Society of Anes-
thesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative
Awareness. Anesthesiology 104:847-864, 2006.
35. Moerman N, Bonke B, Oosting J: Awareness and
recall during general anesthesia. Facts and feelings.
Anesthesiology 79:454-464, 1993.
36. Brice D, Hetherington R, Utting J: A simple study
of awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia. Br
J Anaesth 42:535-542, 1970.
37. Abouleish E, Taylor FH: Effect of morphine-diaze-
pam on signs of anesthesia, awareness and dreams
of patients under N
2
O for cesarian section. Anesth
Analg 55:702-706, 1976.
38. Samuelsson P, Brudin L, Sandin R: Late psychologi-
cal symptoms after awareness among consecutively
included surgical patients. Anesthesiology 106:26-
32, 2007.
39. Shalev A, Peri T, Canetti L, Schreiber S: Predictors
of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective
study. Am J Psychiatry 153:219-225, 1996.
40. Hutchinson R: Awareness during surgery. Br J
Anaesth 33:463-469, 1960.
41. Crawford J: Awareness during operative obstetrics
under general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 43:179-182,
1971.
42. Wilson S, Vaughan R, Stephen C: Awareness,
dreams, and hallucinations associated with general
anesthesia. Anesth Analg 54:609-617, 1975.
42a. Crawford JS, Lewis M, Davies P: Maternal and
neonatal responses related to the volatile agent used
to maintain anaesthesia at caesarean section. Br J
Anaesth 57:482-487, 1985.
43. Liu WH, Thorp TA, Graham SG, Aitkenhead AR:
Incidence of awareness with recall during general
anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 46:435-437, 1991.
44. Lyons G,Macdonald R:Awareness during caesarean
section. Anaesthesia 46:62-64, 1991.
45. Phillips A,McLean R,Devitt J,et al: Recall of intrao-
perative events after general anaesthesia and cardio-
pulmonary bypass. Can J Anaesth 40:922-926,
1993.
46. Sandin R, Nordstrom O: Awareness during total iv
anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 71:782-787, 1993.
47. Nordstrom O, Engstrom A, Persson S, Sandin R:
Incidence of awareness in total i.v. anaesthesia
based on propofol, alfentanil and neuromuscular
blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:978-984,
1997.
48. Ranta S, Laurila R, Saario J, et al: Awareness with
recall during general anesthesia: Incidence and risk
factors. Anesth Analg 86:1084-1089, 1998.
49. Dowd M, Cheng D, Karski J, et al: Intraoperative
awareness in fast-track cardiac anaesthesia. Anes-
thesiology 89:1068-1073, 1998.
50. Sandin R, Enlund G, Samuelsson P, Lennmarken C:
Awareness during anaesthesia: A prospective case
study. Lancet 355:707-711, 2000.
51. Myles P, Williams D, Hendrata M, et al: Patient
satisfaction after anaesthesia and surgery: Results of
a prospective survey of patients. Br J Anaesth 84:6-
10, 2000.
52. Enlund M, Hassan H: Intraoperative awareness:
Detected by the structured Brice interview. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 46:345-349, 2002.
53. Ranta S, Herranen P, Hynynen M: Patients’ cons-
cious recollections from cardiac anesthesia. J Car-
diothorac Vasc Anesth 16:426-430, 2002.
54. Chaiwat O, Vacharaksa K, Prakanrattana U: Aware-
ness under general anesthesia. J Med Assoc Thai
85(Suppl 3): S948-S955, 2002.
55. Myles P, Leslie K, McNeil J, et al: A randomised
controlled trial of BIS monitoring to prevent awa-
reness during anaesthesia: The B-Aware Trial.
Lancet 363:1757-1763, 2004.
56. Sebel P, Bowdle T, Ghoneim M, et al: The incidence
of awareness during anesthesia: A multicenter
United States study. Anesth Analg 99:833-839,
2004.
57. Ekman A, Lindholm M, Lennmarken C, Sandin R:
Reduction in the incidence of awareness using BIS
monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:20-26,
2004.
58. Rungreungvanich M, Lekprasert V, Sirinan C, et al:
An analysis of intraoperative awareness in Thai
Anesthesia Incidence Study. Anesthesiology
103:A1283, 2005.
59. Paech M, Clavisi O, Scott K, et al: The Australasian
Obstetric General Anaesthesia for Caesarean
Section Survey. Paper presented at the ANZCA
2007Annual Scientific Meeting, Melbourne,
Australia.
60. Avidan M, Zhang L, Burnside B, et al: Anesthesia
awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med
358:1097-1108, 2008.
61. Errando CL, Sigl JC, Robles M, et al:Awareness with
recall during general anaesthesia: A prospective
observational evaluation of 4001 patients. Br J
Anaesth 10:178-185, 2008.
62. Sandin R: Relax, be aware, and know what you are
doing. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:343-344, 2002.
63. Sebel P, Bowdle T, Rampil I, et al: Don’t ask, don’t
tell. Anesthesiology 107:672-673, 2007.
64. Leslie K: Awareness in a community-based practice.
Anesthesiology 107:671-672, 2007.
65. Goldmann L, Shah M, Hebden M: Memory of
cardiac anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 42:596-603, 1987.
66. Bogetz M, Katz J: Recall of surgery for major
trauma. Anesthesiology 61:6-9, 1984.
67. Lubke G, Sebel P: Awareness and different forms of
memory in trauma anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaes-
thesiol 13:161-165, 2000.
68. Moore J: Awareness during bronchoscopy. Ann R
Coll Surg Engl 69:45-47, 1987.
69. Kelly JS, Roy RC: Intraoperative awareness with
propofol-oxygen total intravenous anesthesia for
microlaryngeal surgery. Anesthesiology 77:207-
209, 1992.
70. McKie B, Thorpe E: Awareness and dreaming
during anaesthesia in a paediatric hospital.Anaesth
Intensive Care 1:407-414, 1973.
71. DavidsonA,Huang G,Czarnecki C,et al:Awareness
during anesthesia in children: A prospective cohort
study. Anesth Analg 100:653-661, 2005.
72. Domino K, Posner K, Caplan R, Cheney F: Aware-
ness during anesthesia: A closed claims analysis.
Anesthesiology 90:1053-1061, 1999.
73. Bergman I, Kluger M, Short T: Awareness during
general anaesthesia: A review of 81 cases from the
Anaesthetic Incident Monitoring Study. Anaesthe-
sia 57:549-556, 2002.
74. Hilgenberg J: Intraoperative awareness during high-
dose fentanyl–oxygen anesthesia. Anesthesiology
54:341-343, 1981.
75. Hug CC: Does opioid anesthesia exist? Anesthesio-
logy 73:1-4, 1990.
76. Luginbuhl M, Schnider T: Detection of awareness
with the bispectral index: Two case reports. Anes-
thesiology 96:241-243, 2002.
77. Moerman A, Herregods L, Foubert L, et al: Awareness
during anaesthesia for implantable cardioverter defi-
brillator implantation. Anaesthesia 50:733-735, 1995.
Monitorización de la profundidad de la anestesia
1027
29
Sección III
Control de la anestesia
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito