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78. Caplan R, Vistica M, Posner K, Cheney F: Adverse

anesthetic outcomes arising from gas delivery

equipment: A closed claims analysis. Anesthesio-

logy 87:741-748, 1997.

79. Rowan K: Awareness under TIVA: A doctor’s per-

sonal experience. Anaesth Intensive Care 30:505-

506, 2002.

80. Tong D, Chung F: Recall after total intravenous

anaesthesia due to an equipment misuse. Can J

Anaesth 44:73-77, 1997.

81. Gin T, Chan M: Decreased minimum alveolar con-

centration of isoflurane in pregnant humans. Anes-

thesiology 81:829-832, 1994.

82. Gin T, Mainland P, Chan M, Short T: Decreased

thiopental requirements in early pregnancy. Anes-

thesiology 86:73-78, 1997.

83. Liem E, Lin C-M, Suleman M, et al: Anesthetic

requirement is increased in redheads. Anesthesio-

logy 101:279-283, 2004.

84. Gan T, Glass P, Sigl J, et al: Women emerge from

general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous

oxide faster than men. Anesthesiology 90:1283-

1287, 1999.

85. Buchanan F, Myles P, Leslie K, et al: Gender and

recovery after general anesthesia combined with

neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anesth Analg

102:291-297, 2006.

86. Myles PS: Prevention of awareness during anaes-

thesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 21:345-355,

2007.

87. Nordström O, Sandin R: Recall during intermittent

propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 76:699-701,

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88. Ekman A, Lindholm M, Lennmarken C, Sandin R:

Reduction in the incidence of awareness using BIS

monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:20-26,

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89. Myles P, Leslie K, Forbes A: Anesthesia awareness

and the bispectral index Letter to the editor. N Engl

J Med 359:428-429, 2008.

90. Kelley SD, Manberg PJ, Sigl JC: Anesthesia aware-

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91. Sneyd JR, Mathews DM: Memory and awareness

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2008.

92. Divan AY, Mathews DM: The Impact of anesthesia

awareness risk reduction strategies: A literature

review. ASA abstract, 2008.

93. Dahaba A: Different conditions that could result in

the bispectral index indicating an incorrect hypno-

tic state. Anesth Analg 101:765-773, 2005.

94. Voss L, Sleigh J: Monitoring consciousness: The

current status of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia

monitors. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 21:313-

325, 2007.

95. O’Connor M, Daves S, Tung A, et al: BIS monitoring

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Anesthesiology 94:520-522, 2001.

96. Osterman J, Hopper J, Heran W, et al: Awareness

during anesthesia and the development of post-

traumatic stress disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry

23:198-204, 2001.

97. Lennmarken C, Bildfors K, Enlund G, et al: Victims

of awareness. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:229-231,

2002.

98. Kent C, Domino K: Awareness: Practice, standards

and the law. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol

21:369-383, 2007.

99. GhoneimM,Block R: Learning and memory during

general anesthesia. An update. Anesthesiology

87:387-410, 1997.

100. Levinson B: States of awareness during general

anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 37:544-546, 1965.

101. Jacoby L: A process dissociation framework: Sepa-

rating automatic from intentional uses of memory.

J Mem Lang 30:513-541, 1991.

102. Lubke G, Kerssens C, Phaf H, Sebel P: Dependence

of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state

in trauma patients. Anesthesiology 90:70-80, 1999.

103. Stonell C, Leslie K, He C, Lee L: No sex differences

in memory formation during general anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 105:920-926, 2006.

104. Deeprose C, Andrade J, Harrison D, Edwards N:

Unconscious auditory priming during surgery with

propofol and nitrous oxide anaesthesia: A replica-

tion. Br J Anaesth 94:57-62, 2005.

105. Kerssens C, Ouchi T, Sebel P: No evidence of

memory formation during anesthesia with propofol

or isoflurane with close control of hypnotic state.

Anesthesiology 102:57-62, 2005.

106. Andrade J, Deeprose C: Unconscious memory for-

mation during anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin

Anaesthesiol 21:385-401, 2007.

107. Leslie K, Myles P, Forbes A, et al: Dreaming during

anaesthesia in patients at high risk of awareness.

Anaesthesia 60:239-244, 2005.

108. Leslie K, Skrzypek H, Paech M, et al: Dreaming

during anesthesia and anesthetic depth in elective

surgery patients: A prospective cohort study. Anes-

thesiology 106:33-42, 2007.

109. Grace R: The effect of variable-dose diazepam on

dreaming and emergence phenomena in 400 cases

of ketamine-fentanyl anaesthesia. Anaesthesia

58:904-910, 2003.

110. Harris T, Brice D, Hetherington R, Utting J: Drea-

ming associated with anaesthesia: The influence of

morphine premedication and two volatile adju-

vants. Br J Anaesth 43:172-178, 1971.

111. Huang G, Davidson A, Stargatt R: Dreaming during

anaesthesia in children: Incidence, nature and asso-

ciations. Anaesthesia 60:854-861, 2005.

112. Merkel G, Eger EI II: A comparative study of halot-

hane and halopropane anesthesia: Including the

method for determining equipotency. Anesthesio-

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113. Quasha AL, Eger EI II, Tinker JH: Determination

and applications of MAC. Anesthesiology 53:315-

334, 1980.

114. Cullen DJ: Drugs and anesthetic depth.

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115. Eger EI II, Bahlman SH: Is the end-tidal anesthetic

partial pressure an accurate measure of the arterial

anesthetic partial pressure? Anesthesiology 35:301-

303, 1971.

116. Stoelting RK, Longnecker DE, Eger EI II: Minimum

alveolar concentrations in man on awakening from

methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and fluroxene

anesthesia: MAC awake. Anesthesiology 33:5-9,

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117. Yakaitis RW, Blitt CD, Angiulo JP: End-tidal halo-

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Anesthesiology 47:386-388, 1977.

118. Roizen MF, Horrigan RW, Frazer BM: Anesthetic

doses blocking adrenergic (stress) and cardiovascu-

lar responses to incision—MAC BAR. Anesthesio-

logy 54:390-398, 1981.

119. Zbinden AM, Maggiorini M, Petersen-Felix S, et al:

Anesthetic depth defined using multiple noxious

stimuli during isoflurane/oxygen anesthesia. I.

Motor reactions. Anesthesiology 80:253-260, 1994.

120. Cullen DJ, Eger EI II, Stevens WC, et al: Clinical

signs of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 36:21-36, 1972.

121. Zbinden AM, Petersen-Felix S, Thomson DA:

Anesthetic depth defined using multiple noxious

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267, 1994.

122. King BD, Harris LC Jr, Greifenstein FF, et al: Reflex

circulatory responses to direct laryngoscopy and

tracheal intubation performed during general anes-

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123. Stoelting RK: Circulatory changes during direct

laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation: Influence of

duration of laryngoscopy with or without prior

lidocaine. Anesthesiology 47:381-384, 1977.

124. Becker KE Jr: Plasma levels of thiopental necessary

for anesthesia. Anesthesiology 49:192-196, 1978.

125. Hung OR, Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Stanski DR: Thio-

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calandelectroencephalographicdepthof anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 77:237-244, 1992.

126. Vuyk J, Lim T, Engbers FH, et al: Pharmacodyna-

mics of alfentanil as a supplement to propofol or

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female patients. Anesthesiology 78:1036-1045,

1993.

127. Stanski DR, Shafer SL: Quantifying anesthetic drug

interaction: Implications for drug dosing [editorial]

Anesthesiology 83:1, 1995.

128. Tammisto T, Aromaa U, Korttila K: The role of

thiopental and fentanyl in the production of balan-

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1980.

129. Neff W, Mayer EC, de la Luz Percales M: Nitrous

oxide and oxygen anesthesia with curare relaxation.

Calif Med 66:67-69, 1947.

130. Lowenstein E, Hallowell P, Levine FH, et al: Cardio-

vascular response to large doses of intravenous

morphine in man. N Engl J Med 281:1389-1393,

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131. Stanley TH, Webster LR: Anesthetic requirements

and cardiovascular effects of fentanyl-oxygen and

fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anesthesia in man.

Anesth Analg 57:411-416, 1978.

132. Waller JL, Hug CC Jr, Nagle DM, Craver JM:

Hemodynamic changes during fentanyl-oxygen

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Anesthesiology 55:212-217, 1981.

133. Hynynen M, Lehtinen AM, Salmenperä M, et al:

Continuous infusion of fentanyl or alfentanil for

coronary artery surgery. Effects on plasma cortisol

concentration, beta-endorphin immunoreactivity

and arginine vasopressin. Br J Anaesth 58:1260-

1266, 1986.

134. Philbin DM, Rosow CE, Schneider RC, et al: Fen-

tanyl and sufentanil anesthesia revisited: Howmuch

is enough? Anesthesiology 73:5-11, 1990.

135. Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The anesthetic potency of

fentanyl in terms of its reduction of enflurane MAC.

Anesthesiology 57:485-488, 1982.

136. Hall RI, Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The enflurane

sparing effect of sufentanil in dogs. Anesthesiology

67:518-525, 1987.

137. Hall RI, Szlam F, Hug CC Jr: The enflurane-sparing

effect of alfentanil in dogs. Anesth Analg 66:1287-

1291, 1987.

138. Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The enflurane sparing

effect of morphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine.

Anesthesiology 57:489-492, 1982.

139. Glass PS, Gan TJ, Howell S, Ginsberg B: Drug inte-

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140. Katoh T, Kobayashi S, Suzuki A, et al: The effect of

fentanyl on sevoflurane requirements for somatic

and sympathetic responses to surgical incision.

Anesthesiology 90:398-405, 1999.

141. Katoh T, Ikeda K: The effect of fentanyl on sevo-

flurane requirements for loss of consciousness and

skin incision. Anesthesiology 88:18-24, 1998.

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Control de la anestesia

III