1206 / 2894
92. Strauss JM, Krohn S, Sümpelmann R, et al: Evalua-
tion of two electrochemical monitors for measure-
mentof inhalednitricoxide.Anaesthesia51:151–154,
1996.
93. Bernareggi M,Cremona G: Measurement of exhaled
nitric oxide in humans and animals. Pulm Pharma-
col Ther 12:331–352, 1999.
94. Etches PC, Harris ML, McKinley R, Finer NN: Clini-
cal monitoring of inhaled nitric oxide: Comparison
of chemiluminescent and electrochemical sensors.
Biomed Instrum Technol 29:134–140, 1995.
95. Roller C, Namjou K, Jeffers J, et al: Simultaneous NO
and CO
2
measurement in human breath with a
single IV-VI mid-infrared laser. Opt Lett 27:107–
109, 2002.
96. Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Uchiyama A, et al: Nitric
oxide (NO) measurement accuracy. J Clin Monit
13:241–248, 1997.
97. Shibutani K, Muraoka M, Shirasaki S, et al: Do
changes in end-tidal Pco
2
quantitatively reflect
changes in cardiac output? Anesth Analg 79:829–
833, 1994.
98. Tavernier B,Rey D,Thevenin D,et al: Can prolonged
expiration manoeuvres improve the prediction of
arterial Pco
2
from end-tidal Pco
2
? Br J Anaesth
78:536–540, 1997.
99. Bhavani-Shankar K, Kumar AY, Moseley HS,Ahyee-
Hallsworth R: Terminology and the current limita-
tions of time capnography: A brief review. J Clin
Monit 11:175–182, 1995.
100. Rich GF, Sconzo JM: Continuous end-tidal CO
2
sampling within the proximal endotracheal tube
estimates arterial CO
2
tension in infants. Can J
Anaesth 38:201–203, 1991.
101. Bhavani-Shankar K: Negative arterial to end-tidal
CO
2
gradients in children. Can J Anaesth 41:1125–
1126, 1994.
102. Kwetny I, Finucane BT: Negative arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient: An additional sign of
malignant hyperthermia during desflurane anesthe-
sia. Anesth Analg 102:815–817, 2006.
103. Breen PH, Mazumdar B, Skinner SC: Comparison
of end-tidal Pco
2
and average alveolar expired Pco
2
during positive end-expiratory pressure. Anesth
Analg 82:368–373, 1996.
104. Fletcher R: Relationship between alveolar deadspace
and arterial oxygenation in children with con
genital cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth 62:168–176,
1989.
105. Breen PH, Bradley PJ: Carbon dioxide spirogram
(but not capnogram) detects leaking inspiratory
valve in a circle circuit.Anesth Analg 85:1372–1376,
1997.
106. Verschuren F, Heinonen E, Clause D, et al: Volume-
tric capnography as a bedside monitoring of throm-
bolysis in major pulmonary embolism. Intensive
Care Med 30:2129–2132, 2004.
107. Sanders AB: Capnometry in emergency medicine.
Ann Emerg Med 18:1287–1290, 1989.
108. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, et al: Effect of
mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators
in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome:
A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282:54–61,
1999.
109. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared
with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury
and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N
Engl J Med 3421301-1308, 2000.
110. Muscedere JG, Mullen JB, Gan K, Slutsky AS: Tidal
ventilation at low airway pressures can augment
lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1327–
1334, 1994.
111. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al: Effect
of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in
the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J
Med 338:347–354, 1998.
112. Maggiore SM, Jonson B, Richard JC, et al: Alveolar
derecruitment at decremental positive end-expira-
tory pressure levels in acute lung injury: Compari-
son with the lower inflection point, oxygenation,
and compliance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
164:795–801, 2001.
113. Rimmensberger PC, Pristine G, Mullen BM, et al:
Lung recruitment during small tidal volume venti-
lation allows minimal positive end-expiratory pres-
sure without augmenting lung injury. Crit Care Med
27:1940–1945, 1999.
114. Roupie E, Dambrosio M, Servillao G, et al: Titration
of tidal volume and induced hypercapnia in acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 152:121–128, 1995.
115. Hickling KG: Best compliance during a decremen-
tal, but not incremental, positive end-expiratory
pressure trial is related to open-lung positive end-
expiratory pressure: A mathematical model of acute
respiratory distress syndrome lungs. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 163:69–78, 2001.
116. Marini JJ, Gattinoni L: Ventilatory management of
acute respiratory distress syndrome: A consensus of
two. Crit Care Med 32:250–255, 2004.
117. Mergoni M, Volpi A, Bricchi C, Rossi A: Lower
inflection point and recruitment with PEEP in ven-
tilated patients with acute respiratory failure. J Appl
Physiol 91:441–450, 2001.
118. van Genderingen HR, van Vught AJ, Duval EL, et al:
Attenuation of pressure swings along the endotra-
cheal tube is indicative of optimal distending pres-
sure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation
in a model of acute lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol
33:429–436, 2002.
119. Tingay DG, Mills JF, Morley CJ, et al: The deflation
limb of the pressure-volume relationship in infants
during high-frequency ventilation.Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 173:414–420, 2006.
120. Suh GY, Koh Y, Chung MP, et al: Repeated dere-
cruitments accentuate lung injury during mechani-
cal ventilation. Crit Care Med 30:1848–1853, 2002.
121. Fujino Y, Goddon S, Dolhnikoff M, et al: Repetitive
high-pressure recruitment maneuvers required to
maximally recruit lung in a sheep model of acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 29:
1579–1586, 2001.
122. Ranieri VM, Giuliani R, Fiore T, et al: Volume-pres-
sure curve of the respiratory system predicts effects
of PEEP in ARDS: “Occlusion” versus “constant
flow” technique. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:
19–27, 1994.
123. Albaiceta GM, Piacentini E, Villagrá A, et al: Appli-
cation of continuous positive airway pressure to
trace static pressure-volume curves of the respira-
tory system. Crit Care Med 31:2514–2519, 2003.
124. Suter PM, Fairley B, Isenberg MD: Optimum end-
expiratory airway pressure in patients with acute
pulmonary failure. N Engl J Med 292:284–289,
1975.
125. Gunnarsson L, Tokics L, Gustavsson H, Hedens-
tierna G: Influence of age on atelectasis formation
and gas exchange impairment during general anaes-
thesia. Br J Anaesth 66:423–432, 1991.
126. Tokics L, Hedenstierna G, Strandberg A, et al: Lung
collapse and gas exchange during general anesthesia:
Effects of spontaneous breathing, muscle paralysis,
and positive end-expiratory pressure. Anesthesio-
logy 66:157–167, 1987.
127. Pelosi P, Ravagnan I, Giurati G, et al: Positive end-
expiratory pressure improves respiratory function
in obese but not in normal subjects during anesthe-
sia and paralysis. Anesthesiology 91:1221–1231,
1999.
128. Tusman G, Böhm SH, Vazquez de Anda GF, et al:
Alveolar recruitment strategy improves arterial oxy-
genation during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth
82:8–13, 1999.
129. Dyhr T, Laursen N, Larsson A: Effects of lung
recruitment maneuver and positive end-expiratory
pressure on lung volume, respiratory mechanics and
alveolar gas mixing in patients ventilated after
cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:717–
725, 2002.
130. Papadakos PJ, Lachmann B: The open lung concept
of alveolar recruitment can improve outcome in
respiratory failure and ARDS.Mt Sinai J Med 69:73–
77, 2002.
131. Grasso S, Mascia L, Del Turco M, et al: Effects of
recruiting maneuvers in patients with acute respira-
tory distress syndrome ventilated with protective ven-
tilatory strategy. Anesthesiology 96:795–802, 2002.
132. Schreiter D, Reske A, Stichert B, et al: Alveolar
recruitment in combination with sufficient positive
end-expiratory pressure increases oxygenation and
lung aeration in patients with severe chest trauma.
Crit Care Med 32:968–975, 2004.
133. Talmor D, Sarge T, Legedza A, et al: Cytokine release
following recruitment maneuvers. Chest 132:1434–
1439, 2007.
134. Reis Miranda D, Klompe L, Mekel J, et al: Open lung
ventilation does not increase right ventricular
outflow impedance: An echo-Doppler study. Crit
Care Med 34:2555–2560, 2006.
135. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Valenza F, Carlesso E: The
role of CT-scan studies for the diagnosis and therapy
of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest
Med 27:559–570, 2006.
136. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M, et al: Lung
recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory dis-
tress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354:1775–1786, 2006.
137. Levy MM: PEEP in ARDS—how much is enough?
N Engl J Med 351:389–391, 2004.
138. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Goodman LR: What
has computed tomography taught us about the
acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 164:1701–1711, 2001.
139. van Genderingen HR, van Vught AJ, Jansen JR: Esti-
mation of regional volume changes by electrical
impedance pressure tomography during a pressure-
volume maneuver. Intensive Care Med 29:233–240,
2003.
140. Frerichs I, Dargaville PA, Dudykevych T, Rimens-
berger PC: Electrical impedance tomography: A
method for monitoring regional lung aeration and
tidal volume distribution. Intensive Care Med
29:2312–2316, 2003.
141. Gattinoni L, D’Andrea L, Pelosi P, et al: Regional
effects and mechanism of positive end-expiratory
pressure in early respiratory distress syndrome.
JAMA 269:2122–2127, 1993.
142. Victorino JA, Borges JB, Okamato VN, et al: Imba-
lances in regional lung ventilation: A validation
study on electrical impedance tomography. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med 169:791–800, 2004.
143. Kacmarek RM, Cycyk-Chapman MC, Young-Pala-
zzo PJ, Romagnoli DM: Comparison of two techni-
ques for the determination of maximal inspiratory
pressure (MIP) in mechanically ventilated patients.
Respir Care 39:868–878, 1989.
144. Yang KL, Tobin MJ: A prospective study of indexes
predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from
mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 324:1445–
1450, 1991.
145. Stewart TE: Establishing an approach to mechanical
ventilation. Can Respir J 3:403–408, 1996.
146. Benditt JO: Esophageal and gastric pressure measu-
rements. Respir Care 50:68–75, 2005, discussion
75-77.
147. Roussos C,Zakynthinos S: Fatigue of the respiratory
muscles. Intensive Care Med 22:134–155, 1996.
148. Bellani G, Patroniti N, Weismann D, et al: Measure-
ment of pressure-time product during spontaneous
assisted breathing by rapid interrupter technique.
Anesthesiology 106:484–490, 2007.
149. Pesenti A, Pelosi P, Foti G, et al: An interrupter tech-
nique for measuring respiratory mechanics and the
pressure generated by respiratory muscles during
partial ventilatory support. Chest 102:918–923,
1992.
150. Wysocki M, Brunner JX: Closed-loop ventilation:
An emerging standard of care? Crit Care Clin
23:223–240, ix, 2007.
151. Arnal JM, Nafati C, Wysocki M, et al: Utilization of
adaptive support ventilation (ASV) in a polyvalent
intensive care unit [abstract]. Intensive Care Med
30:S84, 2004.
152. Catley DM,Thornton C,Jordan C,et al: Pronounced,
episodic oxygen desaturation in the postoperative
period: Its association with ventilatory pattern and
analgesic regimen. Anesthesiology 63:20–28, 1985.
153. Nilsson L, Johansson A, Kalman S: Monitoring of
respiratory rate in postoperative care using a new
1206
Control de la anestesia
III