Miller Anestesia

24. Clark LC: Monitor and control of blood and tissue

oxygen tensions. Trans Am Soc Artif Int Org 2:41-

45, 1956.

25. Siggaard-Andersen O, Fogh-Andersen N, Gothgen

IH, Larsen VH: Oxygen status of arterial and mixed

venous blood. Crit Care Med 23:1284-1293, 1995.

26. Gopinath SP, Valadka AB, Uzura M, Robertson CS:

Comparison of jugular venous oxygen saturation

and brain tissue PO

as monitors of cerebral ische-

mia after head injury. Crit Care Med 27:2337-2345,

1999.

27. Valadka AB,Gopinath SP,Contant CF,et al: Relation

of brain tissue PO

to outcome after severe head

injury. Crit Care Med 26:1576-1581, 1998.

28. Sarrafzadeh AS, Kiening KL, Bardt TF, et al: Cere-

bral oxygenation in contusioned vs. nonlesioned

brain tissue: Monitoring of PtiO

with Licox and

Paratrend. Acta Neurochir Suppl 71:186-189,

1998.

29. Rosenthal G,Hemphill JC 3rd,Sorani M,et al: Brain

tissue oxygen tension is more indicative of oxygen

diffusion than oxygen delivery and metabolism in

patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med

36:1917-1924, 2008.

30. Menzel M,Doppenberg EM,Zauner A,et al: Increa-

sed inspired oxygen concentration as a factor in

improved brain tissue oxygenation and tissue

lactate levels after severe human head injury. J Neu-

rosurg 91:1-10, 1999.

31. Menzel M, Doppenberg EM, Zauner A, et al: Cere-

bral oxygenation in patients after severe head

injury: Monitoring and effects of arterial hype-

roxia on cerebral blood flow, metabolism and

intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol

11:240-251, 1999.

32. Hughes JR: EEG in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed.

Newton, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.

33. Vitek JL, Bakay RAE, Hashimoto T, et al: Microelec-

trode-guided pallidotomy: Technical approach and

its application in medically intractable Parkinson’s

disease. J Neurosurg 88:1027, 1998.

34. Garonzik IM, Hua SE, Ohara S, et al: Intraoperative

microelectrode and semi-microelectrode recording

during the physiological localization of the thala-

mic nucleus ventral intermediate. Movement Disor-

ders 17:S135, 2002.

35. Martin JT, Faulconer A Jr, Bickford RG: Electroen-

cephalography in anesthesiology. Anesthesiology

20:359, 1959.

36. Sharbrough FW, Messick JM Jr, Sundt TM: Correla-

tion of continuous electroencephalograms with

cerebral blood flow measurements during carotid

endarterectomy. Stroke 4:674, 1973.

37. Craft RM, Losasso TJ, Perkins WJ, et al: EEG moni-

toring for cerebral ischemia during carotid endar-

terectomy (CEA): How much is enough? J

Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:301, 1994.

38. Spackman TN, Faust RJ, Cucchiara RF, et al: A com-

parison of a periodic analysis of the EEG with stan-

dard EEG and cerebral blood flow for detection of

ischemia. Anesthesiology 66:229, 1987.

39. Billard V, Gambus PL, Chamoun N, et al: A compa-

rison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral

index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and

midazolam drug effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61:45,

1997.

40. Schmidt GN, Bischoff P, Standl T, et al: Narcotrend

and bispectral index monitor are superior to classic

electroencephalographic parameters for the

assessment of anesthetic states during propofol-

remifentanil anesthesia. Anesthesiology 99:1072,

2003.

41. Willmann K, Springman S, Rusy D, et al: A prelimi-

nary evaluation of a new derived EEG index

monitor in anesthetized patients. J Clin Monit

Comput 17:345, 2002.

42. Drover DR, Lemmens HJ, Pierce ET, et al: Patient

State Index: Titration of delivery and recovery from

propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 97:82, 2002.

43. LevyWJ: Effect of epoch length on power spectrum

analysis of the EEG. Anesthesiology 66:489, 1987.

44. Grundy BL: Monitoring of sensory evoked poten-

tials during neurosurgical operation: Methods and

applications. Neurosurgery 11:556, 1982.

45. Greenberg RP, Ducker TB: Evoked potentials in the

clinical neurosciences. J Neurosurg 56:1, 1982.

46. Freedman WA, Chadwick GM, Verhoeven JS, et al:

Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials

during surgery of middle cerebral artery aneu-

rysms. Neurosurgery 29:98, 1991.

47. Chiappa KH, Ropper AH: Evoked potentials in cli-

nical medicine. N Engl J Med 306:1205, 1982.

48. Cohen AR, Young W, Ransohoff J: Intraspinal loca-

lization of the somatosensory evoked potential.

Neurosurgery 9:157, 1981.

49. York DH: Somatosensory evoked potentials in man:

Differentiation of spinal pathways responsible for

conduction from the forelimb vs. hindlimb. Progr

Neurobiol 25:1, 1985.

50. Ealand-Snyder BG, Holliday TA: Pathways of

ascending evoked spinal cord potentials of dogs.

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 58:140,

1984.

51. Gaines R,York DH,Watts C: Identification of spinal

cord pathways responsible for the peroneal-evoked

response in the dog. Spine 9:810, 1984.

52. Bundo M, Inao S, Nakamura A, et al: Changes of

neural activity correlate with the severity of cortical

ischemia in patients with unilateral major cerebral

artery occlusion. Stroke 33:61, 2002.

53. Symon L: Flow thresholds in brain ischaemia and

the effects of drugs. Br J Anaesth 57:34, 1985.

54. Brainston NM, Ladds A, Symon L, et al: Compari-

son of the effects of ischaemia on early components

of the somatosensory evoked potential in brains-

tem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood

Flow Metab 4:68, 1984.

55. Lopez JR, Chang SD, Steinberg GK: The use of elec-

trophysiological monitoring in the intraoperative

management of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol

Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:189, 1999.

56. Guerit JM,Witdoeckt C, de Tourtchaninoff M, et al:

Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in

carotid surgery. I: Relationships between qualita-

tive SEP alterations and intraoperative events. Elec-

troencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 104:459, 1997.

57. Ganes T:A study of peripheral,cervical,and cortical

evoked potentials and afferent conduction times in

the somatosensory pathway. Electroencephalogr

Clin Neurophysiol 49:446, 1980.

58. Chiappa KH, Ropper AH: Evoked potentials in cli-

nical medicine. N Engl J Med 306:1140, 1982.

59. Grundy BL, Jannetta PJ, Procopio PT, et al: Intrao-

perative monitoring of brain-stem auditory evoked

potentials. J Neurosurg 57:674, 1982.

60. Raudzens PA, Shetter AG: Intraoperative monito-

ring of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials. J

Neurosurg 57:341, 1982.

61. Duncan PG, Sanders RA, McCollough DW: Preser-

vation of auditory-evoked responses in anaestheti-

zed children. Can Anaesth Soc J 26:492, 1979.

62. Levy WJ, York DH, McCaffrey M, et al: Motor

evoked potentials from transcranial stimulation of

the motor cortex in humans. Neurosurgery 15:287,

1984.

63. Legatt AD: Current practice of motor evoked

potential monitoring: Results of a survey. J Clin

Neurophysiol 19:454, 2002.

64. MacDonald DB, Al Zayed Z, Khoudeir I, et al:

Monitoring scoliosis surgery with combined multi-

ple pulse transcranial electric motor and cortical

somatosensory-evoked potentials from the lower

and upper extremities. Spine 28:194, 2003.

65. Szelenyi A, Bueno de Camargo A, Flamm E, et al:

Neurophysiological criteria for intraoperative

prediction of pure motor hemiplegia during

aneurysm surgery: Case report. J Neurosurg

99:575, 2003.

66. Meylaerts S, Jacobs MJ, van Iterson V, et al: Compa-

rison of transcranial motor evoked potentials and

somatosensory evoked potentials during thora-

coabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Surg

230:742, 1999.

67. Pelosi L, Lamb J, Grevitt M, et al: Combined moni-

toring of motor and somatosensory evoked poten-

tialsinorthopaedicspinalsurgery.ClinNeurophysiol

113:1082, 2002.

68. Owen JH, Bridwell KH, Grubb R, et al: The clinical

application of neurogenic motor evoked potentials

to monitor spinal cord function during surgery.

Spine 16(Suppl):S385, 1991.

69. Darden BV 2nd, Hatley MK, Owen JH: Neurogenic

motor evoked-potential monitoring in anterior cer-

vical surgery. J Spinal Disord 9:485, 1996.

70. Pereon Y, Bernard JM, Fayet G, et al: Usefulness of

neurogenic motor evoked potentials for spinal

cord monitoring: Findings in 112 consecutive

patients undergoing surgery for spinal deformity.

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 108:17,

1998.

71. Toleikis JR, Skelly JP, Carlvin AO, et al: Spinally eli-

cited peripheral nerve responses are sensory rather

than motor. Clin Neurophysiol 111:736, 2000.

72. Harper CM, Daube RJ: Surgical monitoring with

evoked potentials: The Mayo Clinic experience.

Desmedt JE (ed): Neuromonitoring in Surgery.New

York, Elsevier Science, 1989, p 275.

73. Harner SG, Daube JR, Beatty CW: Improved preser-

vation of facial nerve function with use of electrical

monitoring during removal of acoustic neuromas.

Mayo Clin Proc 62:92, 1987.

74. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM, Fode N, et al: Isoflu-

rane when compared to enflurane and halothane

decreases the frequency of cerebral ischemia during

carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 67:336,

1987.

75. Sundt TW Jr, Sharbrough FW, Piepgras DG, et al:

Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroen-

cephalographic changes during carotid endarterec-

tomy: With results of surgery and hemodynamics

of cerebral ischemia. Mayo Clin Proc 56:533, 1981.

76. Bond R, Warlow CP, Naylor AR, Rothwell PM:

European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative

Group. Variation in surgical and anesthetic techni-

que and associations with operative risk in the

European Carotid Surgery Trial: Implications for

trials of ancillary techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc

Surg 23:117-126, 2002.

77. Kalkman CJ: Con: Routine shunting is not the

optimal management of the patient undergoing

carotid endarterectomy, but neither is neuromoni-

toring. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 18:381-383,

2004.

78. Plestis KA, Loubser P, Mizrahi EM, et al: Conti-

nuous electroencephalographic monitoring and

selective shunting reduces neurologic morbidity

rates in carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 25:620,

1997.

79. Darby JM, Stein K, Grenvik A, et al: Approach to

management of the heart beating “brain dead”

organ donor. JAMA 261:2222, 1989.

80. Roseborough GS: Pro: Shunting is the optimal

management of the patient undergoing carotid

endarterectomy.J CardiothoracVascAnesth 18:375-

380, 2004.

81. Schneider JR, Droste JS, Schindler N, et al: Carotid

endarterectomy with routine electroencephalogra-

phy and selective shunting: Influence of contralate-

ral internal carotid artery occlusion and utility in

prevention of postoperative strokes. J Vasc Surg

35:1114-1122, 2002.

82. Woodworth GF, McGirt MJ, Than KD, et al: Selec-

tive versus routine intraoperative shunting during

carotid endarterectomy: A multivariate outcome

analysis. Neurosurgery 61:1170-1177, 2007.

83. Bond R, Rerkasem K, Counsell C, et al: Routine or

selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endar-

terectomy (and different methods of monitoring in

selective shunting). Cochrane Database Syst Rev

2:CD000190, 2000.

84. LamAM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, et al: Moni-

toring of electrophysiologic function during carotid

endarterectomy: A comparison of somatosensory

evoked potentials and conventional electroen-

cephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15, 1991.

1276

Control de la anestesia

III