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167. Zmora O, Stolik-Dollberg O, Bar-Zakai B, et al:

Intraperitoneal bupivacaine does not attenuate pain

following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS 4:301,

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168. ElhakimM, Elkott M, Ali NM, et al: Intraperitoneal

lidocaine for postoperative pain after laparoscopy.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:280, 2000.

169. Lee IO, Kim SH, Kong MH, et al: Pain after laparos-

copic cholecystectomy: The effect and timing of

incisional and intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Can J

Anaesth 48:545, 2001.

170. Labaille T, Mazoit JX, Paqueron X, et al: The clinical

efficacy and pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal

ropivacaine for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Anesth Analg 94:100, 2002.

171. Goldstein A, Grimault P, Henique A, et al: Preven-

ting postoperative pain by local anesthetic instilla-

tion after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: A

placebo-controlled comparison of bupivacaine and

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172. Fredman B, Jedeikin R, Olsfanger D, et al: Residual

pneumoperitoneum: A cause of postoperative pain

after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg

79:152, 1994.

173. Shrivastav P, Nadkarni P, Craft I: Prevention of shoul-

der pain after laparoscopy. Lancet 339:744, 1992.

174. Comfort VK, CodeWE, RooneyME, et al: Naproxen

premedication reduces postoperative tubal ligation

pain. Can J Anaesth 39:349, 1992.

175. Ding Y, White PF: Comparative effects of ketorolac,

dezocine, and fentanyl as adjuvants during outpa-

tient anesthesia. Anesth Analg 75:566, 1992.

176. Gilberg LE, Harsten AS, Stahl LB: Preoperative

diclofenac sodium reduces postlaparoscopy pain.

Can J Anaesth 40:406, 1993.

177. van Ee R, Hemrika DJ, van der Linden CT: Pain

relief following day-case diagnostic hysteroscopy-

laparoscopy for infertility: A double-blind rando-

mized trial with preoperative naproxen versus

placebo. Obstet Gynecol 82:951, 1993.

178. Liu J, Ding Y, White PF, et al: Effects of ketorolac on

postoperative analgesia and ventilatory function

after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg

76:1061, 1993.

179. Wilson YG, Rhodes M, Ahmed R, et al: Intramus-

cular diclofenac sodium for postoperative analgesia

after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised,

controlled trial. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:340, 1994.

180. Gan TJ, Joshi GP, Viscusi E, et al: Preoperative

parenteral parecoxib and follow-up oral valdecoxib

reduce length of stay and improve quality of patient

recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

surgery. Anesth Analg 98:1665, 2004.

181. Joshi GP, Viscusi ER, Gan TJ, et al: Effective

treatment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain

with intravenous followed by oral COX-2 specific

inhibitor. Anesth Analg 98:336, 2004.

182. Boccara G, Chaumeron A, Pouzeratte Y, et al: The

preoperative administration of ketoprofen impro-

ves analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in

comparison with propacetamol or postoperative

ketoprofen. Br J Anaesth 94:347, 2005.

183. Shapiro MH, Duffy BL: Intramuscular ketorolac for

postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic ste-

rilisation. Anaesth Intensive Care 22:22, 1994.

184. Hovorka J, Kallela H, Korttila K: Effect of intrave-

nous diclofenac on pain and recovery profile after

day-case laparoscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 10:105,

1993.

185. Crocker S, Paech M: Preoperative rectal indometha-

cin for analgesia after laparoscopic sterilisation.

Anaesth Intensive Care 20:337, 1992.

186. Green CR, Pandit SK, Levy L, et al: Intraoperative

ketorolac has an opioid-sparing effect in women

after diagnostic laparoscopy but not after laparos-

copic tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 82:732, 1996.

187. Bisgaard T, Klarskov B, Kehlet H, et al: Preoperative

dexamethasone improves surgical outcome after

laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized

double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Surg

238:651, 2003.

188. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S: Preoperative

multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after

ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth

Analg 82:44, 1996.

189. Mixter CG 3rd, Hackett TR: Preemptive analgesia

in the laparoscopic patient. Surg Endosc 11:351,

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190. Bisgaard T: Analgesic treatment after laparoscopic

cholecystectomy: A critical assessment of the evi-

dence. Anesthesiology 104:835, 2006.

191. Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Okeson GC, et al: Open

versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A compari-

son of postoperative pulmonary function. Ann Surg

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192. Schauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA, et al: Pulmonary

function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Surgery 114:389, 1993.

193. Karayiannakis AJ, Makri GG, Mantzioka A, et al:

Postoperative pulmonary function after laparosco-

pic and open cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 77:448,

1996.

194. Shulman SM, Chuter T, Weissman C: Dynamic res-

piratory patterns after laparoscopic cholecystec-

tomy. Chest 103:1173, 1993.

195. Erice F, Fox GS, Salib YM, et al: Diaphragmatic

function before and after laparoscopic cholecystec-

tomy. Anesthesiology 79:966, 1993.

196. Sharma RR, Axelsson H, Oberg A, et al: Diaphrag-

matic activity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Anesthesiology 91:406, 1999.

197. Tousignant G, Wiesel S, Laporta D, et al: The effect

of age on recovery of pulmonary function after

laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg

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198. Johnson D, Litwin D, Osachoff J, et al: Postoperative

respiratory function after laparoscopic cholecystec-

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199. Joris J, Kaba A, Lamy M: Postoperative spirometry

after laparoscopy for lower abdominal or upper

abdominal surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth 79:422,

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200. Collins KM, Docherty PW, Plantevin OM: Postope-

rative morbidity following gynaecological outpa-

tient laparoscopy: A reappraisal of the service.

Anaesthesia 39:819, 1984.

201. Bailey PL, Streisand JB, Pace NL, et al: Transdermal

scopolamine reduces nausea and vomiting after

outpatient laparoscopy. Anesthesiology 72:977,

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202. Watcha MF, White PF: Postoperative nausea and

vomiting: Its etiology, treatment, and prevention.

Anesthesiology 77:162, 1992.

203. Beattie WS, Lindblad T, Buckley DN, et al: Mens-

truation increases the risk of nausea and vomiting

after laparoscopy: A prospective randomized study.

Anesthesiology 78:272, 1993.

204. Okum GS, Colonna-Romano P, et al: Vomiting after

alfentanil anesthesia: Effect of dosing method.

Anesth Analg 75:558, 1992.

205. Sukhani R, Vazquez J, Pappas AL, et al: Recovery

after propofol with and without intraoperative fen-

tanyl in patients undergoing ambulatory gynecolo-

gic laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 83:975, 1996.

206. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al: A factorial

trial of six interventions for the prevention of

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207. Green G, Jonsson L: Nausea: The most important

factor determining length of stay after ambulatory

anaesthesia. A comparative study of isoflurane and/

or propofol techniques. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand

37:742, 1993.

208. Taylor E, Feinstein R, White PF, et al: Anesthesia for

laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Is nitrous oxide con-

traindicated? Anesthesiology 76:541, 1992.

209. Sukhani R, Lurie J, Jabamoni R: Propofol for ambu-

latory gynecologic laparoscopy: Does omission of

nitrous oxide alter postoperative emetic sequelae

and recovery? Anesth Analg 78:831, 1994.

210. Stanton J: Anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystec-

tomy. Anaesthesia 46:317, 1990.

211. Bodner M, White PF: Antiemetic efficacy of ondan-

setron after outpatient laparoscopy. Anesth Analg

73:250, 1991.

212. Paxton LD, McKay AC, Mirakhur RK: Prevention of

nausea and vomiting after day case gynaecological

laparoscopy: A comparison of ondansetron, drope-

ridol, metoclopramide and placebo. Anaesthesia

50:403, 1995.

213. McKenzie R, Kovac A, O’Connor T, et al: Compari-

son of ondansetron versus placebo to prevent

postoperative nausea and vomiting in women

undergoing ambulatory gynecologic surgery. Anes-

thesiology 78:21, 1993.

214. Grond S, Lynch J, Diefenbach C, et al: Comparison

of ondansetron and droperidol in the prevention of

nausea and vomiting after inpatient minor gyneco-

logic surgery. Anesth Analg 81:603, 1995.

215. Sniadach MS, Alberts MS: A comparison of the pro-

phylactic antiemetic effect of ondansetron and dro-

peridol on patients undergoing gynecologic

laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 85:797, 1997.

216. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, et al: Liberal

versus restrictive fluid administration to improve

recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A ran-

domized, double-blind study. Ann Surg 240:892,

2004.

217. Magner JJ, McCaul C, Carton E, et al: Effect of

intraoperative intravenous crystalloid infusion on

postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynaecolo-

gical laparoscopy: Comparison of 30 and

10 ml  kg(−1). Br J Anaesth 93:381, 2004.

218. Maharaj CH, Kallam SR, Malik A, et al: Preoperative

intravenous fluid therapy decreases postoperative

nausea and pain in high risk patients. Anesth Analg

100:675, 2005.

219. Menes T, Spivak H: Laparoscopy: Searching for the

proper insufflation gas. Surg Endosc 14:1050, 2000.

220. Neuhaus SJ, Gupta A, Watson DI: Helium and other

alternative insufflation gases for laparoscopy. Surg

Endosc 15:553, 2001.

221. Bongard FS, Pianim NA, Leighton TA, et al: Helium

insufflation for laparoscopic operation. Surg

Gynecol Obstet 177:140, 1993.

222. McMahon AJ, Baxter JN, Murray W, et al: Helium

pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic cholecystec-

tomy: Ventilatory and blood gas changes. Br J Surg

81:1033, 1994.

223. Rademaker BM, Kalkman CJ, Odoom JA, et al:

Intraperitoneal local anaesthetics after laparoscopic

cholecystectomy: Effects on postoperative pain,

metabolic responses and lung function. Br J Anaesth

72:263, 1994.

224. Eisenhauer DM, Saunders CJ, Ho HS, et al: Hemo-

dynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum. Surg

Endosc 8:315, 1994.

225. Wolf JS Jr, Carrier S, Stoller ML: Gas embolism:

Helium is more lethal than carbon dioxide. J Lapa-

roendosc Surg 4:173, 1994.

226. Roberts MW, Mathiesen KA, Ho HS, et al: Cardio-

pulmonary responses to intravenous infusion of

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Anestesia por subespecialidades en el adulto

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