206. Mushlin PS,Gelman S: Liver dysfunction after anes-
thesia.
In
Benumof JL, Saidman LJ (eds): Anesthesia
& Perioperative Complications, 2nd ed. St Louis,
CV Mosby, 1999, p 441.
207. Bardag-Gorce F, French BA, Li J, et al: The impor-
tance of cycling of blood alcohol levels in the patho-
genesis of experimental alcoholic liver disease in
rats. Gastroenterology 123:325, 2002.
208. Tonnesen H, Kehlet H: Preoperative alcoholism and
postoperative morbidity. Br J Surg 86:869, 1999.
209. Nanji AA, Su GL, Laposata M, et al: Pathogenesis of
alcoholic liver disease—recent advances. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 26:731, 2002.
210. Lieber CS: Alcoholic liver injury: Pathogenesis and
therapy in 2001. Pathol Biol 49:738, 2001.
211. Lieber CS: Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system
(MEOS): The first 30 years (1968-1998)—a review.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:991, 1999.
212. Lieber CS: Cytochrome P-4502E1: Its physiological
and pathological role. Physiol Rev 77:517, 1997.
213. Zima T, Fialova L, Mestek O, et al: Oxidative stress,
metabolism of ethanol and alcohol-related diseases.
J Biomed Sci 8:59, 2001.
214. Bosron WF, Li TK: Genetic polymorphism of
human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases,
and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and
alcoholism. Hepatology 6:502, 1986.
215. Ehrig T, Bosron WF, Li TK: Alcohol and aldehyde
dehydrogenase. Alcohol Alcohol 25:105, 1990.
216. Ramchandani VA, Bosron WF, Li TK: Research
advances in ethanol metabolism. Pathol Biol 49:676,
2001.
217. Sherman DI,Ward RJ,Warren-Perry M, et al: Asso-
ciation of restriction fragment length polymor-
phism in alcohol dehydrogenase 2 gene with alcohol
induced liver damage. BMJ 307:1388, 1993.
218. Panes J, Soler X, Pares A, et al: Influence of liver
disease on hepatic alcohol and aldehyde dehydro-
genases. Gastroenterology 97:708, 1989.
219. Poupon RE, Nalpas B, Coutelle C, et al: Polymor-
phism of alcohol dehydrogenase, alcohol and alde-
hyde dehydrogenase activities: Implication in
alcoholic cirrhosis in white patients. The French
Group for Research on Alcohol and Liver. Hepato-
logy 15:1017, 1992.
220. Crabb DW, Edenberg HJ, BosronWF, et al: Genoty-
pes for aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and
alcohol sensitivity. The inactive ALDH2(2) allele is
dominant. J Clin Invest 83:314, 1989.
221. Thiele GM, Miller JA, Klassen LW, et al: Long-term
ethanol administration alters the degradation of
acetaldehyde adducts by liver endothelial cells.
Hepatology 24:643, 1996.
222. Shaw S, Rubin KP, Lieber CS: Depressed hepatic
glutathione and increased diene conjugates in alco-
holic liver disease. Evidence of lipid peroxidation.
Dig Dis Sci 28:585, 1983.
223. Williams AJ, Barry RE: Superoxide anion produc-
tion and degranulation of rat neutrophils in res-
ponse to acetaldehyde-altered liver cell membranes.
Clin Sci 71:313, 1986.
224. Holt K, Bennett M, Chojkier M: Acetaldehyde sti-
mulates collagen and noncollagen protein produc-
tion by human fibroblasts. Hepatology 4:843, 1984.
225. Roll FJ, Bissell DM, Perez HD: Human hepatocytes
metabolizing ethanol generate a non-polar chemo-
tactic factor for human neutrophils. Biochem
Biophys Res Commun 137:688, 1986.
226. Granger DN, Korthuis RJ: Physiologic mechanisms
of postischemic tissue injury. Annu Rev Physiol
57:311, 1995.
227. Carden DL, Young JA, Granger DN: Pulmonary
microvascular injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfu-
sion: Role of P-selectin. J Appl Physiol 75:2529, 1993.
228. Mulligan MS, Smith CW, Anderson DC, et al: Role
of leukocyte adhesion molecules in complement-
induced lung injury. J Immunol 150:2401, 1993.
229. McClain C, Hill D, Schmidt J, et al: Cytokines and
alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 13:170, 1993.
230. Mezey E: Commentary on the hypermetabolic state
and the role of oxygen in alcohol-induced liver
injury. Recent Dev Alcohol 2:135, 1984.
231. Ito D, Ishii H, Kato S, et al: Significance of alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH) as a marker of hepatic cen-
trilobular injury: A biochemical and immunohisto-
chemical study. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1:523, 1987.
232. Nanji AA, Zakim D: Alcoholic liver disease.
In
Zakim D, Boyer T (eds): Hepatology: A Textbook of
Liver Disease, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,
1996, p 891.
233. Oshita M, Takei Y, Kawano S, et al: Endogenous
nitric oxide attenuates ethanol-induced perturba-
tion of hepatic circulation in the isolated perfused
rat liver. Hepatology 20:961, 1994.
234. Nanji AA, Greenberg SS, Tahan SR, et al: Nitric
oxide production in experimental alcoholic liver
disease in the rat: Role in protection from injury.
Gastroenterology 109:899, 1995.
235. Nordmann R: Alcohol and antioxidant systems.
Alcohol Alcohol 29:513, 1994.
236. Reinke LA,KotakeY,McCay PB,et al: Spin-trapping
studies of hepatic free radicals formed following the
acute administration of ethanol to rats:
In
vivo
detection of 1-hydroxyethyl radicals with PBN. Free
Radic Biol Med 11:31, 1991.
237. Nanji AA, Griniuviene B, Sadrzadeh SM, et al: Effect
of type of dietary fat and ethanol on antioxidant
enzyme mRNA induction in rat liver. J Lipid Res
36:736, 1995.
238. Rosser BG, Gores GJ: Liver cell necrosis: Cellular
mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroente-
rology 108:252, 1995.
239. Wang JF, Greenberg SS, Spitzer JJ: Chronic alcohol
administration stimulates nitric oxide formation in
the rat liver with or without pretreatment by lipo-
polysaccharide. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:387, 1995.
240. Skinner KA,White CR, Patel R, et al: Nitrosation of
uric acid by peroxynitrite.Formation of a vasoactive
nitric oxide donor. J Biol Chem 273:24491, 1998.
241. Beckman JS: Protein tyrosine nitration and peroxy-
nitrite. FASEB J 16:1144, 2002.
242. Beckman JS: -OONO: Rebounding from nitric
oxide. Circ Res 89:295, 2001.
243. Reiter CD, Teng RJ, Beckman JS: Superoxide reacts
with nitric oxide to nitrate tyrosine at physiological
pH via peroxynitrite. J Biol Chem 275:32460, 2000.
244. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, et al: Apparent
hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite:
Implications for endothelial injury from nitric
oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
87:1620, 1990.
245. Lauterburg BH, Davies S, Mitchell JR: Ethanol
suppresses hepatic glutathione synthesis in rats in
vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:7, 1984.
246. Quinn PG, Johnston DE: Detection of chronic liver
disease: Costs and benefits. Gastroenterologist 5:58,
1997.
247. McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Bishop GA, et al:
Molecular pathogenesis of liver disease: An appro-
ach to hepatic inflammation, cirrhosis and liver
transplant tolerance. Immunol Rev 174:172, 2000.
248. Chung RT, Jaffe DL, Friedman LS: Complications of
chronic liver disease. Crit Care Clin 11:431, 1995.
249. Rakela J, Krowka MJ: Cardiovascular and pulmo-
nary complications of liver disease.
In
Zakim D,
Boyer T (eds): Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver
Disease, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996,
p 675.
250. Daoud FS, Reeves JT, Schaefer JW: Failure of
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in patients
with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 51:1076, 1972.
251. Lazaridis KN, Frank JW, Krowka MJ, et al: Hepatic
hydrothorax: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and manage-
ment. Am J Med 107:262, 1999.
252. Jalan R, Hayes PC: Hepatic encephalopathy and
ascites. Lancet 350:1309, 1997.
253. Arroyo V, Gines P: Mechanism of sodium retention
and ascites formation in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 17:S24,
1993.
254. Moreau R: Hepatorenal syndrome in patients with
cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:739, 2002.
255. Moore KP, Wong F, Gines P, et al: The management
of ascites in cirrhosis: Report on the consensus con-
ference of the International Ascites Club. Hepato-
logy 38:258, 2003.
256. Moreau R, Lebrec D: Acute renal failure in patients
with cirrhosis: Perspectives in the age of MELD.
Hepatology 37:233, 2003.
257. Lotterer E,Wengert A,FleigWE: Transjugular intra-
hepatic portosystemic shunt: Short-term and long-
term effects on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics
in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 29:632,
1999.
258. Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, et al: MARS
dialysis in decompensated alcoholic liver disease: A
single-center experience. Liver Transpl 13:1189,
2007.
259. de Franchis R, Primignani M: Natural history of
portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Clin
Liver Dis 5:645, 2001.
260. Vaughan RB, Chin-Dusting JP: Current pharmaco-
therapy in the management of cirrhosis: Focus on
the hyperdynamic circulation. Expert Opin Phar-
macother 4:625, 2003.
261. Silva G, Navasa M, Bosch J, et al: Hemodynamic
effects of glucagon in portal hypertension. Hepato-
logy 11:668, 1990.
262. Cerini R, Koshy A, Hadengue A, et al: Effects of
glucagon on systemic and splanchnic circulation in
conscious rats with biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 9:69,
1989.
263. Moller S, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH: Vasoactive
substances in the circulatory dysfunction of cirrho-
sis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 61:421, 2001.
264. Moller S, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH: Splanchnic and
systemic hemodynamic derangement in decom-
pensated cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol 15:94,
2001.
265. Cahill PA, Redmond EM, Sitzmann JV: Endothelial
dysfunction in cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Pharmacol Ther 89:273, 2001.
266. Bomzon A, Blendis LM: Vascular reactivity in expe-
rimental portal hypertension. Am J Physiol
252:G158, 1987.
267. Martin PY, Gines P, Schrier RW: Nitric oxide as a
mediator of hemodynamic abnormalities and
sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. N Engl J
Med 339:533, 1998.
268. Martin PY, Ohara M, Gines P, et al: Nitric oxide
synthase (NOS) inhibition for one week improves
renal sodium and water excretion in cirrhotic rats
with ascites [published erratum appears in J Clin
Invest 1998 Aug 1;102(3):inside back cover]. J Clin
Invest 101:235, 1998.
269. Niederberger M, Martin PY, Gines P, et al: Norma-
lization of nitric oxide production corrects arterial
vasodilation and hyperdynamic circulation in cirr-
hotic rats. Gastroenterology 109:1624, 1995.
270. Matsumoto A, Ogura K, Hirata Y, et al: Increased
nitric oxide in the exhaled air of patients with
decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med
123:110, 1995.
Fisiología y fisiopatología hepáticas
205
7
Sección I
Fisiología y anestesia
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito