60. Baker MT, Ronnenberg WC Jr, Ruzicka JA, et al:
Inhibitory effects of deuterium substitution on the
metabolism of sevoflurane by the rat. Drug Metab
Dispos 21:1170–1171, 1993.
61. Hoffman J, Konopka K, Buckhorn C, et al: Ethanol-
inducible cytochrome P450 in rabbits metabolizes
enflurane. Br J Anaesth 63:103–108, 1989.
62. Kikuchi H, Morio M, Fuijii K, et al: Clinical evalua-
tion and metabolism of sevoflurane in patients.
Hiroshima J Med Sci 36:93–97, 1987.
63. Frink EJ Jr, Ghantous H, Malan TP, et al: Plasma
inorganic fluoride with sevoflurane anesthesia:
Correlation with indices of hepatic and renal
function. Anesth Analg 74:231–235, 1992.
64. Drayer DE: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokine-
tic differences between drug enantiomers in
humans: An overview. Clin Pharmacol Ther
40:125–133, 1986.
65. Tucker GT, Lennard MS: Enantiomer specific phar-
macokinetics. Pharmacol Ther 45:309–329, 1990.
66. Birkett DJ: Racemates or enantiomers: Regulatory
approaches. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 16:479–
483, 1989.
67. Ariens EJ, Testa B: Chiral aspects of drug metabo-
lism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 7:60–64, 1986.
68. Howard-Lock HE, Lock CJ, Mewa A, Kean WF:
D
-Penicillamine: Chemistry and clinical use in
rheumatic disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 15:261–
281, 1986.
69. Satoh K,Yanagisawa T,Taira N: Coronary vasodilator
and cardiac effects of optical isomers of verapamil in
the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2:309–318, 1980.
70. Powell JR, Ambre JJ, Rud TI: Drug stereochemistry.
In
Wainer IW, Drayer DE (eds): Analytical Methods
and Pharmacology. New York, Dekker, 1988, p 245.
71. Buchinger W, Ober O, Uray G, et al: Synthesis and
effects on peripheral thyroid hormone conversion
of (
R
)-4-hydroxypropanolol, a main metabolite of
(
R
)-propranolol. Chirality 3:145, 1991.
72. Grisslinger G, Hering W, Thomann P, et al: Pharma-
cokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine
enantiomers in surgical patients using a stereoselec-
tive analytical method. Br J Anaesth 70:666–671,
1993.
73. Kharasch ED, Labroo R: Metabolism of ketamine
stereoisomers by human liver microsomes. Anes-
thesiology 77:1201–1207, 1992.
74. Brau ME, Branitzki P, Olschewski A, et al: Block of
neuronal tetrodotoxin-resistant Na currents by ste-
reoisomers of piperidine local anesthetics. Anesth
Analg 91:1499–1505, 2000.
75. Heavner JE: Local anesthetics. Curr Opin Anaesthe-
siol 20:336–342, 2007.
76. Thomas JM, Schug SA: Recent advances in the phar-
macokinetics of local anaesthetics. Long-acting
amide enantiomers and continuous infusions. Clin
Pharmacokinet 36:67–83, 1999.
77. Blaschke G, Kraft HP, Fickentscher K, Kohler F:
Chromatographic separation of racemic thalido-
mide and teratogenic activity of its enantiomers
(author’s transl). Arzneimittelforschung 29:1640–
1642, 1979.
78. Martin JL, Meinwald J, Radford P, et al: Stereoselec-
tive metabolism of halothane enantiomers to tri-
fluoroacetylated liver proteins. Drug Metab Rev
27:179–189, 1995.
79. Kendig JJ, Trudell JR, Cohen EN: Halothane stere-
oisomers: Lack of stereospecificity in two model
systems. Anesthesiology 39:518–524, 1973.
80. Lysko GS, Robinson JL, Castro R, Ferrone RA: The
stereospecific effects of isoflurane isomers in vivo.
Eur J Pharmacol 263:25–29, 1994.
81. Harris B,Moody E,Skolnick P: Isoflurane anesthesia is
stereoselective. Eur J Pharmacol 217:215–216, 1992.
82. Moody EJ, Harris BD, Skolnick P: Stereospecific
actions of the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane at the
GABA
A
receptor complex. Brain Res 615:101–106,
1993.
83. Jones MV, Harrison NL: Effects of volatile anesthe-
tics on the kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic
currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
J Neurophysiol 70:1339–1349, 1993.
84. Harris BD, Moody EJ, Basile AS, Skolnick P: Volatile
anesthetics bidirectionally and stereospecifically
modulate ligand binding to GABA receptors. Eur
J Pharmacol 267:269–274, 1994.
85. Tomlin SL, Jenkins A, Lieb WR, Franks NP: Stereo-
selective effects of etomidate optical isomers on
gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and
animals. Anesthesiology 88:708–717, 1998.
86. Summary of the national Halothane Study: Possible
association between halothane anesthesia and
postoperative hepatic necrosis. JAMA 197:775–788,
1966.
87. Martin JL, Plevak DJ, Flannery KD, et al: Hepato-
toxicity after desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology
83:1125–1129, 1995.
88. Uetrecht J: Idiosyncratic drug reactions: Past,present,
and future. Chem Res Toxicol 21:84–92, 2008.
89. Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Maggs JL, et al: The role
of metabolic activation in drug-induced hepatotoxi-
city. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:177–202,
2005.
90. Pohl LR, Pumford NR, Martin JL: Mechanisms,
chemical structures and drug metabolism. Eur J
Haematol Suppl 60:98–104, 1996.
91. Kenna JG: Immunoallergic drug-induced hepatitis:
Lessons from halothane. J Hepatol 26(Suppl 1):5–
12, 1997.
92. Kenna JG, Satoh H, Christ DD, Pohl LR: Metabolic
basis for a drug hypersensitivity: Antibodies in sera
from patients with halothane hepatitis recognize
liver neoantigens that contain the trifluoroacetyl
group derived from halothane. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 245:1103–1109, 1988.
93. Martin JL, Pumfoprd NR, LaRosa AC, et al: A meta-
bolite of halothane covalently binds to an endoplas-
mic reticulum protein that is highly homologous to
phosphatidylinositol-specificphospholipaseC-alpha
but has no activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
178:679–685, 1991.
94. Butler LE, Thomassen D, Martin JL, et al: The cal-
cium-binding protein calreticulin is covalently
modified in rat liver by a reactive metabolite of the
inhalation anesthetic halothane. Chem Res Toxicol
5:406–410, 1992.
95. Martin JL, Reed GF, Pohl LR: Association of anti–58
kDa endoplasmic reticulum antibodies with halo-
thane hepatitis. Biochem Pharmacol 46:1247–1250,
1993.
96. Martin JL, Kenna JG, Martin BM, et al: Halothane
hepatitis patients have serum antibodies that react
with protein disulfide isomerase. Hepatology
18:858–863, 1993.
97. Pumford NR, Martin BM, Thomassen D, et al:
Serum antibodies from halothane hepatitis patients
react with the rat endoplasmic reticulum protein
ERp72. Chem Res Toxicol 6:609–615, 1993.
98. Bourdi M, Demady D, Martin JL, et al: cDNA
cloning and baculovirus expression of the human
liver endoplasmic reticulum P58: Characterization
as a protein disulfide isomerase isoform, but not as
a protease or a carnitine acyltransferase. Arch
Biochem Biophys 323:397–403, 1995.
99. Pohl LR: An immunochemical approach of identi-
fying and characterizing protein targets of toxic
reactive metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 6:786–793,
1993.
100. Gut J, Christen U, Huwyler J: Mechanisms of halo-
thane toxicity: Novel insights. Pharmacol Ther
58:133–155, 1993.
101. Barton J: Jaundice and halothane. Lancet 1:1097,
1959.
102. Wark HJ: Postoperative jaundice in children. The
influence of halothane. Anaesthesia 38:237–242,
1983.
103. Warner LO, Beach TP, Garvin JP, Warner EJ: Halo-
thane and children: The first quarter century.Anesth
Analg 63:838–840, 1984.
104. Kenna JG, Neuberger J, Mieli-Vergani G, et al: Halo-
thane hepatitis in children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
294:1209–1211, 1987.
105. Njoku D, Laster MJ, Gong DH, et al: Biotransforma-
tion of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflu-
rane to trifluoroacetylated liver
proteins:Associationbetween protein acylation and hepatic injury.
Anesth Analg 84:173–178, 1997.
106. Christ DD, Kenna JG, Kammerer W, et al: Enflurane
metabolism produces covalently bound liver
adducts recognized by antibodies from patients
with halothane hepatitis. Anesthesiology 69:833–
838, 1988.
107. Brunt EM, White H, Marsh JW, et al: Fulminant
hepatic failure after repeated exposure to isoflurane
anesthesia: A case report. Hepatology 13:1017–
1021, 1991.
108. Turner GB, O’Rourke D, Scott GO, Beringer TR:
Fatal hepatotoxicity after re-exposure to isoflurane:
A case report and review of the literature. Eur J
Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:955–959, 2000.
109. Njoku DB, Shrestha S, Soloway R, et al: Subcellular
localization of trifluoroacetylated liver proteins in
association with hepatitis following isoflurane.
Anesthesiology 96:757–761, 2002.
110. Jones RM, Koblin DD, Cashman JN, et al: Biotrans-
formation and hepato-renal function in volunteers
after exposure to desflurane (I-653). Br J Anaesth
64:482–487, 1990.
111. Wrigley SR, Fairfield JE, Jones RM, Black AE:
Induction and recovery characteristics of desflurane
in day case patients: A comparison with propofol.
Anaesthesia 46:615–622, 1991.
112. Berghaus TM, Baron A, Geier A, et al: Hepatotoxi-
city following desflurane anesthesia. Hepatology
29:613–614, 1999.
113. Anderson JS, Rose NR, Martin JL, et al: Desflurane
hepatitis associated with hapten and autoantigen-
specific IgG4 antibodies. Anesth Analg 104:1452–
1453, 2007.
114. Cote G, Bouchard S: Hepatotoxicity after desflurane
anesthesia in a 15-month-old child with Möbius
syndrome after previous exposure to isoflurane.
Anesthesiology 107:843–845, 2007.
115. Watanabe K, Hatakenaka S, Ikemune K, et al:
[A case of suspected liver dysfunction induced
by sevoflurane anesthesia]. Masui 42:902–905,
1993.
116. Shichinohe Y, Masuda Y, Takahashi H, et al: [A case
of postoperative hepatic injury after sevoflurane
anesthesia]. Masui 41:1802–1805, 1992.
117. Bruun LS, ELKjaer S, Bitsch-Larsen D, Anderson O:
Hepatic failure in a child after acetaminophen and
sevoflurane exposure. Anesth Analg 92(6)1446–
1488, 2001.
118. Lehmann A, Neher M, Kiessling AH: Case report:
fatal hepatic failure after aortic valve replacement
and sevoflurane exposure.Can JAnaesth 54(11)917–
921, 2007.
119. Harris JW, Pohl LR, Martin JL, Anders MW: Tissue
acylation by the chlorofluorocarbon substitute
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 88(4)1407–1410, 1991.
120. Lind RC, Gandolfi AJ, Hall PD: Biotransformation
and hepatotoxicity of HCFC-123 in the guinea pig:
Potentiation of hepatic injury by prior glutathione
depletion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134(1)175–181,
1995.
121. Rusch GM, Trochimonicz HJ, Malley LJ, et al: Sub-
chronic inhalation toxicity studies with hydrochlo-
rofluorocarbon 123 (HCFC 123). Fundam Appl
Toxicol 23(2)169–178, 1994.
122. Dekant W: Toxicology of chlorofluorocarbon repla-
cements. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 1):75–
83, 1996.
Anestésicos inhalatorios: metabolismo y toxicidad
429
14
Sección II
Farmacología y anestesia
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito