Miller Anestesia

Anestésicos locales

703

Sección II

Farmacología y anestesia

Bibliografía

1. Sanchez V, Arthur GR, Strichartz GR: Fundamental

properties of local anesthetics. I. The dependence of

lidocaine’s ionization and

octanol:buffer

partitio-

ning on solvent and temperature. Anesth Analg

66:159–165, 1987.

2. Zhang J, Hadlock T, Gent A, Strichartz GR: Tetra-

caine-membrane interactions: Effects of lipid com-

position and phase on drug partitioning, location,

and ionization. Biophys J 92:3988–4001, 2007.

3. Gissen AJ, Covino BG, Gregus J: Differential sensi-

tivities of mammalian nerve fibers to local anesthe-

tic agents. Anesthesiology 53:467–474, 1980.

4. Courtney KR: Structure-activity relations for fre-

quency-dependent sodium channel block in nerve

by local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213:114–

119, 1980.

5. Courtney K,Strichartz G: Structural elements which

determine local anesthetic activity.

Schwartz GR

(ed). Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology:

Local Anesthetics 81. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1987,

pp 53–89.

6. Schreier S, Frezzatti WA Jr,Araujo PS, et al: Effect of

lipid membranes on the apparent pK of the local

anesthetic tetracaine.Spin label and titration studies.

Biochim Biophys Acta 769:231–237, 1984.

7. Ritchie JM, Rogart RB: Density of sodium channels

in mammalian myelinated nerve fibers and nature

of the axonal membrane under the myelin sheath.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74:211–215, 1977.

8. Hodgkin A: The Conduction of the Nervous

Impulse. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1964.

9. Catterall W: From ionic currents to molecular

mechanisms. The structure and function of vol-

tage-gated sodium channels. Neuron 26:13–25,

2000.

10. Condouris GA, Goebel RH, Brady T: Computer

simulation of local anesthetic effects using a mathe-

matical model of myelinated nerve. J Pharmacol

Exp Ther 196:737–745, 1976.

11. Ritchie JM, Ritchie B, Greengard P: The effect of the

nerve sheath on the action of local anesthetics. J

Pharmacol Exp Ther 150:160, 1965.

12. Hille B: The pH-dependent rate of action of local

anesthetics on the node of Ranvier. J Gen Physiol

69:475–496, 1977.

13. Narahashi T, Frazier T,Yamada M: The site of action

and active form of local anesthetics. I. Theory and

pH experiments with tertiary compounds. J Phar-

macol Exp Ther 171:32–44, 1970.

14. Strichartz GR: The inhibition of sodium currents in

myelinated nerve by quaternary derivatives of lido-

caine. J Gen Physiol 62:37–57, 1973.

15. Courtney KR, Kendig JJ, Cohen EN: Frequency-

dependent conduction block: The role of nerve

impulse pattern in local anesthetic potency. Anes-

thesiology 48:111–117, 1978.

16. Chernoff D: Kinetics of Anesthetic Binding to

Sodium Channels: Role of pKa. Boston, Massachu-

setts Institute of Technology, 1988.

17. Hille B: Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydro-

phobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction.

J Gen Physiol 69:497–515, 1977.

18. Gokin AP, Philip B, Strichartz GR: Preferential block

of small myelinated sensory and motor fibers by

lidocaine: In vivo electrophysiology in the rat sciatic

nerve. Anesthesiology 95:1441–1454, 2001.

19. Ekberg J, Jayamanne A, Vaughan CW, et al:

O-

conotoxin MrVIB selectively blocks Nav1.8 sensory

neuron specific sodium channels and chronic pain

behavior without motor deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci

U S A 103:17030–17035, 2006.

20. Chevrier P,Vijajaragavan K,Chahine M: Differential

modulation of Nav 1.7 and Nav 1.8 peripheral nerve

sodium channels by the local anesthetic lidocaine.

Br J Pharmacol 142:576–584, 2004.

21. Fertleman C, Maker M, Parker K, et al: SCN9A

mutation in paroxysmal extreme pain disorder:

Allelic variants underlie distinct channel defects

and phenotypes. Neuron 52:767–774, 2006.

22. Sheets PL, Jackson JO, Waxman SG, et al: A Na 1.7

channel mutation associated with hereditary

erythromelalgia contributes to neuronal hyperexci-

tability and displays reduced lidocaine sensitivity.

J Physiol 581:1019–1031, 2007.

23. Cox JJ, Reimann F, Nicholas AK, et al: An SCN9A

channelopathy causes congenital inability to expe-

rience pain. Nature 444:894–898, 2006.

24. Persaud N, Strichartz G: Micromolar lidocaine

selectively blocks propagating ectopic impulses at a

distance from their site of origin. Pain 99:333–340,

2002.

25. Pindel EV, Kedishvili NY, Abraham TL, et al: Purifi-

cation and cloning of a broad substrate specificity

human liver carboxylesterase that catalyzes the

hydrolysis of cocaine and heroin. J Biol Chem

272:14769–14775, 1997.

26. Scott DB, McClure JH, Giasi RM, et al: Effects of

concentration of local anaesthetic drugs in extradu-

ral block. Br J Anaesth 52:1033–1037, 1980.

27. Galindo A, Benavides O, De Munos SO, et al: Com-

parison of anesthetic solutions used in lumbar and

caudal peridural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 57:175–

179, 1978.

28. Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Steele SM, et al: A com-

parison of 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, and

0.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus

block. Anesth Analg 87:1316–1319, 1998.

29. Johns RA, DiFazio CA, Longnecker DE: Lidocaine

constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-

dependent manner. Anesthesiology 62:141–144,

1985.

30. Fink BR, Cairns AM: Differential slowing and block

of conduction by lidocaine in individual afferent

myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Anesthesio-

logy 60:111–120, 1984.

31. Fink BR,Cairns AM: Lack of size-related differential

sensitivity to equilibrium conduction block among

mammalian myelinated axons exposed to lidocaine.

Anesth Analg 66:948–953, 1987.

32. Fink BR: 1992 Labat Lecture. Toward the mathema-

tization of spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 17:263–

273, 1992.

33. Raymond SA, Steffensen SC, Gugino LD, Strichartz

GR: The role of length of nerve exposed to local

anesthetics in impulse blocking action. Anesth

Analg 68:563–570, 1989.

34. Drachman D, Strichartz G: Potassium channel bloc-

kers potentiate impulse inhibition by local anesthe-

tics. Anesthesiology 75:1051–1061, 1991.

35. Hogan QH, Abram SE: Neural blockade for

diagnosis and prognosis. A review. Anesthesiology

86:216–241, 1997.

36. Littlewood DG, Scott DB,Wilson J, Covino B: Com-

parative anaesthetic properties of various local

anaesthetic agents in extradural block for labour. Br

J Anaesth 49:75–79, 1979.

37. Erdemir HA, Soper LE, Sweet RB: Studies of factors

affecting peridural anesthesia. Anesth Analg

44:400–404, 1965.

38. Casati A, Baciarello M, Di Cianni S, et al: Effects of

ultrasound guidance on the minimum effective

anaesthetic volume required to block the femoral

nerve. Br J Anaesth 98:823–827, 2007.

39. Pace NL, Stylianou MP: Advances in and limitations

of up-and-down methodology: A précis of clinical

use, study design, and dose estimation in anesthesia

research. Anesthesiology 107:144–152, 2007.

40. Fisher DM: What if half of your patients moved (or

remembered or did something else bad) at incision?

Anesthesiology 107:1–2, 2007.

41. Moore DC, Batra MS: The components of an effec-

tive test dose prior to epidural block.Anesthesiology

55:693–696, 1981.

42. Tobias J: Caudal epidural block: A review of test

dosing and recognition of systemic injection in chil-

dren. Anesth Analg 93:1156–1161, 2001.

43. Braid D, Scott D: The systemic absorption of local

analgesic drugs. Br J Exp Anaesth 37:396, 1965.

44. Eisenach JC, Grice SC, Dewan DM: Epinephrine

enhances analgesia produced by epidural bupiva-

caine during labor. Anesth Analg 66:447–451,

1987.

45. Eisenach JC, Lysak SZ,Viscomi CM: Epidural cloni-

dine analgesia following surgery: Phase I. Anesthe-

siology 71:640–646, 1989.

46. Wong K, Strichartz GR, Raymond SA: On the

mechanisms of potentiation of local anesthetics by

bicarbonate buffer: Drug structure-activity studies

on isolated peripheral nerve. Anesth Analg 76:131–

143, 1993.

47. DiFazio CA, Carron H, Grosslight KR, et al: Com-

parison of pH-adjusted lidocaine solutions for

epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 65:760–764,

1986.

48. Bedder MD, Kozody R, Craig DB: Comparison of

bupivacaine and alkalinized bupivacaine in brachial

plexus anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67:48–52, 1988.

49. Cohen SE, Thurlow A: Comparison of a chloropro-

caine-bupivacaine mixture with chloroprocaine and

bupivacaine used individually for obstetric epidural

analgesia. Anesthesiology 51:288–292, 1979.

50. Badgwell JM, Heavner JE, Kyttä J, Rosenberg PH:

Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects

of co-administered lidocaine and bupivacaine in

piglets. Reg Anesth 16:89–94, 1991.

51. Popitz-Bergez FA, Leeson S, Thalhammer JG, Stri-

chartz GR: Intraneural lidocaine uptake compared

with analgesic differences between pregnant and

nonpregnant rats. Reg Anesth 22:363–371, 1997.

52. Fagraeus L, Urban BJ, Bromage PR: Spread of epi-

dural analgesia in early pregnancy. Anesthesiology

58:184–187, 1983.

53. McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P: Sodium bicarbo-

nate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lido-

caine, with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg

66:572–574, 1987.

54. Harris WH, Slater EM, Bell HM: Regional anesthe-

sia by the intravenous route. JAMA 194:1273–1276,

1965.

55. HoffmannAC,van Gessel E,Gamulin Z,et al: Quan-

titative evaluation of tourniquet leak during i.v.

regional anaesthesia of the upper and lower limbs

in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 75:269–273,

1995.

56. Albright GA: Cardiac arrest following regional

anesthesia with etidocaine or bupivacaine.Anesthe-

siology 51:285–287, 1979.

57. Liu S, Carpenter RL, Chiu AA, et al: Epinephrine

prolongs duration of subcutaneous infiltration of

local anesthesia in a dose-related manner. Cor

relation with magnitude of vasoconstriction. Reg

Anesth 20:378–384, 1995.

58. Reiestad F, Strömskag KE: Interpleural catheter in

management of post-operative pain: A preliminary

report. Reg Anesth 11:88–91, 1986.

59. Rosenberg PH, Scheinin BM, Lepantalo MJ,

Lindfors O: Continuous intrapleural infusion of

bupivacaine for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anes-

thesiology 67:811–813, 1987.

60. Liu S, Richman J, Thirlby R, Wu C: Efficacy of con-

tinuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic

for postoperative analgesia: A quantitative and qua-

litative systematic review of randomized controlled

trials. J Am Coll Surg 203:914–932, 2006.

61. Marret E, Bazelly B, Taylor G, et al: Paravertebral

block with ropivacaine 0.5% versus systemic analge-

sia for pain relief after thoracotomy. Ann Thorac

Surg 79:2109–2113, 2005.

62. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A: Comparison of

the fascia iliaca compartment block with the 3-in-1

block in children [erratum appears in Anesth Analg

1990 Apr;70(4):474]. Anesth Analg 69:705–713,

1989.

63. Cohen SE,Yeh JY, Riley RT, et al:Walking with labor

epidural analgesia: The impact of bupivacaine con-

centration and a lidocaine-epinephrine test dose.

Anesthesiology 92:387, 2000.