Miller Anestesia

Anestésicos locales

705

Sección II

Farmacología y anestesia

caine, and bupivacaine for intrathecal labor analge-

sia. Anesthesiology 102:646–650, 2005.

133. Benhamou D, Ghosh C, Mercier FJ: A randomized

sequential allocation study to determine the

minimum effective analgesic concentration of levo-

bupivacaine and ropivacaine in patients receiving

epidural analgesia for labor. Anesthesiology

99:1383–1386, 2003.

134. Rosenberg PH, Schug SA: Levobupivacaine base

and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. Br J Anaesth

94:544, 2005.

135. Sage DJ, Feldman HS, Arthur GR, et al: Influence of

lidocaine and bupivacaine on isolated guinea pig

atria in the presence of acidosis and hypoxia.

Anesth Analg 63:1–7, 1984.

136. Moore DC, Crawford RD, Scurlock JE: Severe

hypoxia and acidosis following local anesthetic–

induced convulsions. Anesthesiology 53:259–260,

1980.

137. Lee LA, Posner KL, Domino KB, et al: Injuries asso-

ciated with regional anesthesia in the 1980s and

1990s: A closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology

101:143–152, 2004.

138. Lund P, Cwik J: Propitocaine (Citanest) and methe-

moglobinemia. Anesthesiology 53:259, 1980.

139. Sidhu SK, Shaw S, Wilkinson JD: A 10-year retros-

pective study on benzocaine allergy in the United

Kingdom. Am J Contact Dermatitis 10:57–61,

1999.

140. Norris MC, Honet JE, Leighton BL, Arkoosh VA: A

comparison of meperidine and lidocaine for spinal

anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation.RegAnesth

21:84–88, 1996.

141. Rigler ML, Drasner K, Krejcie TC, et al: Cauda

equina syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia.

Anesth Analg 72:275–281, 1991.

142. Lambert LA, Lambert DH, Strichartz GR: Irreversi-

ble conduction block in isolated nerve by high con-

centrations of local anesthetics. Anesthesiology

80:1082–1093, 1994.

143. Arkoosh VA, Palmer CM, Yun EM, et al: A rando-

mized, double-masked, multicenter comparison of

the safety of continuous intrathecal labor analgesia

using a 28-gauge catheter versus continuous epidu-

ral labor analgesia. Anesthesiology 108:286–298,

2008.

144. Reisner LS, Hochman BN, Plumer MH: Persistent

neurologic deficit and adhesive arachnoiditis

following intrathecal 2-chloroprocaine injection.

Anesth Analg 59:452–454, 1980.

145. Wang BC, Hillman DE, Spielholz NI, Turndorf H:

Chronic neurological deficits and Nesacaine-CE—

an effect of the anesthetic, 2-chloroprocaine, or the

antioxidant,sodium bisulfite? AnesthAnalg 63:445–

447, 1984.

146. Taniguchi M, Bollen AW, Drasner K: Sodium bisul-

fite: Scapegoat for chloroprocaine neurotoxicity?

Anesthesiology 100:85–91, 2004.

147. Freedman JM, Li DK, Drasner K, et al: Transient

neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia: An

epidemiologic study of 1,863 patients [erratum

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Anesthesiology 89:633–641, 1998.

148. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Kranke P, et al: Transient

neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia.

A quantitative systematic overview (meta-analysis)

of randomized controlled studies. Anaesthesist

51:539–546, 2002.

149. Sakura S, Sumi M, Sakaguchi Y, et al: The addition of

phenylephrine contributes to the development of tran-

sient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with

0.5% tetracaine. Anesthesiology 87:771–778, 1997.

150. Sakura S, Bollen AW, Ciriales R, Drasner K: Local

anesthetic neurotoxicity does not result from bloc-

kade of voltage-gated sodium channels. Anesth

Analg 81:338–346, 1995.

151. Warner MA, Warner DO, Harper CM, et al: Lower

extremity neuropathies associated with lithotomy

positions. Anesthesiology 93:938–942, 2000.

152. IrwinW, Fontaine E,Agnolucci A, et al: Bupivacaine

myotoxicity is mediated by mitochondria. J Biol

Chem 277:12221–12227, 2002.

153. Denson DD, Raj PP, Saldahna F, et al: Continuous

perineural infusion of bupivacaine for prolonged

analgesia: Pharmacokinetic considerations. Int J

Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 21:591–597, 1983.

154. Boogaerts JG, Lafont ND, Carlino S, et al: Biodistri-

bution of liposome-associated bupivacaine after

extradural administration to rabbits. Br J Anaesth

75:319–325, 1995.

155. Mowat JJ,Mok MJ,MacLeod BA,Madden TD: Lipo-

somal bupivacaine. Extended duration nerve bloc-

kade using large unilamellar vesicles that exhibit a

proton gradient. Anesthesiology 85:635–643, 1996.

156. Soderberg L, Dyhre H, Roth B, Bjorkman S: Ultra-

long peripheral nerve block by

lidocaine:prilocaine

1:1 mixture in a lipid depot formulation: Compari-

son of in vitro, in vivo, and effect kinetics. Anesthe-

siology 104:110–121, 2006.

157. Curley J, Castillo J, Hotz J, et al: Prolonged regional

nerve blockade.Injectable biodegradable bupivacaine/

polyester microspheres. Anesthesiology 84:1401–

1410, 1996.

158. Kopacz DJ, Lacouture PG, Wu D, et al: The dose res-

ponse and effects of dexamethasone on bupivacaine

microcapsules for intercostal blockade (T9 to T11) in

healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 96:576–582, 2003.

159. Kohane DS, Yieh J, Lu NT, et al: A re-examination

of tetrodotoxin for prolonged duration local anes-

thesia. Anesthesiology 89:119–131, 1998.

160. Rodriguez-Navarro AJ, Lagos N, Lagos M, et al:

Neosaxitoxin as a local anesthetic: Preliminary

observations from a first human trial. Anesthesio-

logy 106:339–345, 2007.

161. Padera RF,Tse JY,Bellas E,Kohane DS: Tetrodotoxin

for prolonged local anesthesia with minimal myo-

toxicity. Muscle Nerve 34:747–753, 2006.

162. Sudoh Y, Cahoon EE, Gerner P, Wang GK: Tricyclic

antidepressants as long-acting local anesthetics.

Pain 103:49–55, 2003.

163. Cairns BE, Gambarota G, Dunning PS, et al: Activa-

tion of peripheral excitatory amino acid receptors

decreases the duration of local anesthesia. Anesthe-

siology 98:521–529, 2003.

164. Cairns BE, Svensson P, Wang K, et al: Activation of

peripheral NMDA receptors contributes to human

pain and rat afferent discharges evoked by injection

of glutamate into the masseter muscle. J Neurophy-

siol 90:2098–2105, 2003.

165. Beloeil H, Ababneh Z, Chung R, et al: Effects of

bupivacaine and tetrodotoxin on carrageenan-

induced hind paw inflammation in rats (Part 1):

Hyperalgesia, edema, and systemic cytokines.Anes-

thesiology 105:128–138, 2006.

166. Beloeil H, Ji RR, Berde CB: Effects of bupivacaine

and tetrodotoxin on carrageenan-induced hind paw

inflammation in rats (Part 2): Cytokines and p38

mitogen–activated protein kinases in dorsal root

ganglia and spinal cord. Anesthesiology 105:139–

145, 2006.

167. Bromage PR, Pettigrew RT, Crowell DE:

Tachyphylaxis in epidural analgesia: I. Augmenta-

tion and decay of local anesthesia. J Clin Pharmacol

9:30–38, 1969.

168. Lund C, Mogensen T, Hjortso NC, Kehlet H: Syste-

mic morphine enhances spread of sensory analgesia

during postoperative epidural bupivacaine infusion.

Lancet 2:1156–1157, 1985.

169. Lee KC, Wilder RT, Smith RL, Berde CB: Thermal

hyperalgesia accelerates and MK-801 prevents the

development of tachyphylaxis to rat sciatic nerve

blockade. Anesthesiology 81:1284–1293, 1994.

170. Wilder RT, Sholas MG, Berde CB: NG-nitro-l-argi-

nine methyl ester (L-NAME) prevents tachyphylaxis

to local anesthetics in a dose-dependent manner.

Anesth Analg 83:1251–1255, 1996.

171. Choi RH, Birknes JK, Popitz-Bergez FA, et al: Phar-

macokinetic nature of tachyphylaxis to lidocaine:

Peripheral nerve blocks and infiltration anesthesia

in rats. Life Sci 61:PL177–PL184, 1997.

172. Arendt-Nielsen L, Kaalund S, Bjerring P, Hogsaa B:

Insufficient effect of local analgesics in Ehlers

Danlos type III patients (connective tissue disor-

der). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 34:358–361, 1990.