Miller Anestesia

704

Farmacología y anestesia

64. Brull SJ, Greene NM: Time-courses of zones of

differential sensory blockade during spinal anesthe-

sia with hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine.

Anesth Analg 69:342–347, 1989.

65. Chambers WA, Littlewood DG, Logan MR, Scott

DB: Effect of added epinephrine on spinal anesthe-

sia with lidocaine. Anesth Analg 60:417–420, 1981.

66. Chambers WA, Littlewood DG, Scott DB: Spinal

anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: Effect of

added vasoconstrictors. Anesth Analg 61:49–52,

1982.

67. Hallen B, Uppfeldt A: Does lidocaine-prilocaine

cream permit pain free insertion of catheters in chil-

dren? Anesthesiology 57:340–342, 1982.

68. Ohlsen L, Englesson S, Evers H:An anaesthetic lido-

caine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) for epicutaneous

application tested for cutting split skin grafts. Scand

J Plast Reconstr Surg 19:201–209, 1985.

69. Butler-O’Hara M, LeMoine C, Guillet R: Analgesia

for neonatal circumcision:A randomized controlled

trial of EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve

block. Pediatrics 101:E5, 1998.

70. Browne J,Awad I,Plant R,et al: Topical amethocaine

(Ametop) is superior to EMLA for intravenous can-

nulation. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics. Can

J Anaesth 46:1014–1048, 1999.

71. Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cun-

ningham BB:A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy

of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared

with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for

pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pedia-

trics 109:1093–1099, 2002.

72. Galinkin JL, Rose JB, Harris K, Watcha MF: Lido-

caine iontophoresis versus eutectic mixture of local

anesthetics (EMLA) for IV placement in children.

Anesth Analg 94:1484–1488, 2002.

73. Sethna NF, Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, et al: A ran-

domized controlled trial to evaluate S-Caine Patch

for reducing pain associated with vascular access in

children. Anesthesiology 102:403–408, 2005.

74. Bonadio WA, Wagner V: TAC (tetracaine, adrena-

line, cocaine) for the repair of minor dermal lacera-

tions. Pediatr Emerg Care 4:82, 1988.

75. Smith GA, Strausbaugh SD, Harbeck-Weber C, et al:

New non–cocaine-containing topical anesthetics

comparedwithtetracaine-adrenaline-cocaineduring

repair of lacerations. Pediatrics 100:825–830, 1997.

76. Nordström H, Stånge K: Plasma lidocaine levels and

risks after liposuction with tumescent anaesthesia.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:1487–1490, 2005.

77. Houseman TS, Lawrence N, Mellen BG, et al: The

safety of liposuction: Results of a national survey.

Dermatol Surg 28:971–978, 2002.

78. Grazer FM, de Jong RH: Fatal outcomes from lipo-

suction: Census survey of cosmetic surgeons. Plast

Reconstr Surg 105:436–466, 2000.

79. Tremont-Lukats IW, Challapalli V, McNicol ED,

et al: Systemic administration of local anesthetics

to relieve neuropathic pain:A systematic review and

meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 101:1738–1749, 2005.

80. Araujo MC, Sinnott CJ, Strichartz GR: Multiple

phases of relief from experimental mechanical allo-

dynia by systemic lidocaine: Responses to early and

late infusions. Pain 103:21–29, 2003.

81. Tucker GT: Pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics.

Br J Anaesth 58:717–731, 2007.

82. Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF: Maximum

recommended doses of local anesthetics: A multi-

factorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med 29:564–575,

2004.

83. Wildsmith JA, Tucker GT, Cooper S, et al: Plasma

concentrations of local anaesthetics after intersca-

lene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 49:461–466,

1977.

84. McCann ME,Sethna NF,Mazoit J-X,et al: The phar-

macokinetics of epidural ropivacaine in infants and

young children. Anesth Analg 93:893–897, 2001.

85. Tucker GT, Mather LE: Pharmacology of local

anaesthetic agents.Pharmacokinetics of local anaes-

thetic agents. Br J Anaesth 47:213–224, 1975.

86. Lofstrom JB: Tissue distribution of local anesthetics

with special reference to the lung. Int Anesthesiol

Clin 16:53–71, 1978.

87. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert RM, Philipson EH, et al: The

half-life of 2-chloroprocaine. Anesth Analg 65:273–

278, 1986.

88. Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Prochaska AL, Gross TL:

Plasma levels of 2-chloroprocaine in obstetric

patients and their neonates after epidural anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 53:21–25, 1980.

89. Arthur GR, Scott DHT, Boyes RN, Scott DB: Phar-

macokinetic and clinical pharmacological studies

with mepivacaine and prilocaine. Br J Anaesth

51:481–485, 1979.

90. Scott DB, Jebson PJR, Boyes RN: Pharmacokinetic

study of the local anaesthetics bupivacaine (Mar-

caine) and etidocaine (Duranest) in man. Br J

Anaesth 45:1010–1012, 1973.

91. Katz JA, Bridenbaugh PO, Knarr DC: Pharmacody-

namics and pharmacokinetics of epidural ropiva-

caine in humans. Anesth Analg 70:16–21, 1990.

92. Nation RL, Triggs EJ, Selig M: Lignocaine kinetics

in cardiac patients and aged subjects. Br J Clinl

Pharmacol 4:439–448, 1977.

93. Mazoit J, Denson D, Samii K: Pharmacokinetics of

bupivacaine following caudal anesthesia in infants.

Anesthesiology 68:387–391, 1988.

94. Yaster M, Aronoff D, Kornhauser DM, et al: The

pharmacokinetics of lidocaine during caudal anes-

thesia in children. Anesthesiology 63:A465, 1985.

95. Bösenberg AT, Thomas J, Cronje L, et al: Pharmaco-

kinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine for continuous

epidural infusion in neonates and infants. Pediatr

Anesth 15:739–749, 2005.

96. Agarwal R, Gutlove DP, Lockhart CH: Seizures

occurring in pediatric patients receiving continuous

infusion of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 75:284–286,

1992.

97. Berde CB: Convulsions associated with pediatric

regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 75:164–166, 1992.

98. Larsson BA, Lonnqvist PA, Olsson GL: Plasma con-

centrations of bupivacaine in neonates after conti-

nuous epidural infusion. Anesth Analg 84:501–505,

1997.

99. Henderson K, Sethna NF, Berde CB: Continuous

caudal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in

former preterm infants. J Clin Anesth 5:129–133,

1993.

100. Stenson RE, Constantino RT, Harrison DC: Interre-

lationships of hepatic blood flow, cardiac output,

and blood levels of lidocaine in man. Circulation

43:205–211, 1971.

101. Thomson PD, Melmon KL, Richardson JA, et al:

Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in advanced heart

failure, liver disease, and renal failure in humans.

Ann Intern Med 78:499–508, 1973.

102. Wagman IH, De Jong RH, Prince DA: Effects of

lidocaine on the central nervous system. Anesthe-

siology 28:155–172, 1967.

103. Scott DB: Evaluation of clinical tolerance of local

anaesthetic agents. Br J Anaesth 47:328–331, 1975.

104. Englesson S: The influence of acid-base changes on

central nervous system toxicity of local anaesthetic

agents. I.An experimental study in cats.Acta Anaes-

thesiol Scand 18:79–87, 1974.

105. Burney RG, DiFazio CA, Foster JA: Effects of pH on

protein binding of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 57:478–

480, 1978.

106. Clarkson CW, Hondeghem LM: Mechanism for

bupivacaine depression of cardiac conduction: Fast

block of sodium channels during the action poten-

tial with slow recovery from block during diastole.

Anesthesiology 62:396–405, 1985.

107. Block A, Covino B: Effect of local anesthetic agents

on cardiac conduction and contractility. Reg Anesth

6:55, 1982.

108. Chamberlain BK, Volpe P, Fleischer S: Inhibition of

calcium-induced calcium release from purified

cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.J Biol Chem

259:7547–7553, 1984.

109. Johns RA, Difazio CA, Longnecker DE: Lidocaine

constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose depen-

dent manner. Anesthesiology 62:141–144, 1985.

110. de Jong RH,Ronfeld RA,DeRosa RA: Cardiovascular

effects of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of

amide local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 61:3–9, 1982.

111. Kotelko DM, Shnider SM, Dailey PA, et al: Bupi-

vacaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in sheep.

Anesthesiology 60:10–18, 1984.

112. Kasten G: High serum bupivacaine concentrations

produce rhythm disturbances similar to torsades de

pointes in anesthetized dogs. Reg Anesth 11:20,

1986.

113. Heavner JE: Cardiac dysrhythmias induced by infu-

sion of local anesthetics into the lateral cerebral

ventricle of cats. Anesth Analg 65:133–138, 1986.

114. Morishima HO, Pedersen H, Finster M, et al: Bupi-

vacaine toxicity in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes.

Anesthesiology 63:134–139, 1985.

115. Rosen MA, Thigpen JW, Shnider SM, et al: Bupiva-

caine-induced cardiotoxicity in hypoxic and acido-

tic sheep. Anesth Analg 64:1089–1096, 1985.

116. American Heart Association Consensus Group:

Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. Cir-

culation 102:I–86, 2000.

117. Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, et al:

Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infu

sion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-indu-

ced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88:1071–1075,

1998.

118. Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T: Successful resus-

citation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asys-

tole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion.

Anaesthesia 61:800–801, 2006.

119. Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer G, et al: Successful

use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient

after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest.

Anesthesiology 105:217–218, 2006.

120. Weinberg G: Lipid rescue resuscitation from local

anaesthetic cardiotoxicity. Toxicological Reviews

25:139–145, 2006.

121. Moller R, Covino BG: Cardiac electrophysiologic

properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared

with those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anes-

thetic. Anesthesiology 72:322–329, 1990.

122. Rutten AJ, Mather LE, McLean CF: Cardiovascular

effects and regional clearances of i.v. bupivacaine in

sheep: Enantiomeric analysis. Br J Anaesth 67:247–

256, 1991.

123. Mather LE: Disposition of mepivacaine and bupiva-

caine enantiomers in sheep. Br J Anaesth 67:239–

246, 1991.

124. Pitkanen M, Feldman HS, Arthur GR, Covino BG:

Chronotropic and inotropic effects of ropivacaine,

bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the spontaneously

beating and electrically paced isolated, perfused

rabbit heart. Reg Anesth 17:183–192, 1992.

125. Moller R, Covino BG: Cardiac electrophysiologic

properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared

with those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anes-

thetic. Anesthesiology 72:322–329, 1990.

126. Hickey R, Hoffman J, Ramamurthy S: A comparison

of ropivacaine 0.5% and bupivacaine 0.5% for

brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology 74:639–642,

1991.

127. Brown DL, Carpenter RL, Thompson GE: Compari-

son of 0.5% ropivacaine and 0. 5% bupivacaine

for epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing

lower-extremity surgery. Anesthesiology 72:633–

636, 1990.

128. Katz JA, Knarr D, Bridenbaugh PO: A double-blind

comparison of 0.5% bupivacaine and 0. 75% ropiva-

caine administered epidurally in humans. Reg

Anesth 15:250–252, 1990.

129. Feldman HS, Arthur GR, Pitkanen M, et al:

Treatment of acute systemic toxicity after the rapid

intravenous injection of ropivacaine and bupiva-

caine in the conscious dog. Anesth Analg 73:373–

384, 1991.

130. Santos AC, Pedersen H, Harmon TW, et al: Does

pregnancy alter the systemic toxicity of local anes-

thetics? Anesthesiology 70:991–995, 1989.

131. Lerman J, Nolan J, Eyres R, et al: Efficacy, safety, and

pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine with and

without fentanyl after continuous epidural infusion

in children: A multicenter trial. Anesthesiology

99:1166–1174, 2003.

132. Camorcia M, Capogna G, Columb MO: Minimum

local analgesic doses of ropivacaine, levobupiva-