1. Frazin L, Talano JV, Stephanides L, et al: Esophageal
echocardiography. Circulation 54:102–108, 1976.
2. Matsumoto M, Oka Y, Strom J, et al: Application of
transesophageal echocardiography to continuous
intraoperative monitoring of left ventricular perfor-
mance. Am J Cardiol 46:95–105, 1980.
3. Schluter M, Langenstein BA, Polster J, et al: Transoe-
sophageal cross-sectional echocardiography with a
phased array transducer system.Technique and initial
clinical results. Br Heart J 48:67–72, 1982.
4. Sharma R, Mann J, Drummond L, et al: The evaluation
of real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardio-
graphy for the preoperative functional assessment of
patients with mitral valve prolapse: A comparison
with 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiogra-
phy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20:934–940, 2007.
5. Pearlman AS, Gardin JM, Martin RP, et al: Guidelines
for physician training in transesophageal echocardio-
graphy: Recommendations of the American Society
of Echocardiography Committee for Physician Trai-
ning in Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr
5:187–194, 1992.
6. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal
echocardiography. A report by the American Society
of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascu-
lar Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal
Echocardiography. Anesthesiology 84986-1006, 1996.
7. Shanewise JS, Cheung AT, Aronson S, et al: ASE/SCA
guidelines for performing a comprehensive intraope-
rative multiplane transesophageal echocardiography
examination: Recommendations of the American
Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraopera-
tive Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovas-
cular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in
Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography.
Anesth Analg 89:870–884, 1999.
8. Cahalan MK, Abel M, Goldman M, et al: American
Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardio-
vascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for
training in perioperative echocardiography. Anesth
Analg 94:1384–1388, 2002.
9. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al:
ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline update for the clini-
cal application of echocardiography: Summary article.
A report of the American College of Cardiology/
American Heart Association Task Force on Practice
Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update
the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of
Echocardiography). J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16:1091–
1110, 2003.
10. Ayres NA, Miller-HanceW, Fyfe DA, et al: Indications
and guidelines for performance of transesophageal
echocardiography in the patient with pediatric acqui-
red or congenital heart disease: Report from the task
force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society
of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:91–
98, 2005.
11. Hung J, Lang R, Flachskampf F, et al: 3-D echocardio-
graphy: A review of the current status and future
directions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20:213–233,
2007.
12. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al:
Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of
native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional
and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocar-
diogr 16:777–802, 2003.
13. Pai RG, Bodenheimer MM, Pai SM, et al: Usefulness
of systolic excursion of the mitral anulus as an index
of left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol
67:222–224, 1991.
14. Mishiro Y, Oki T, Yamada H, et al: Evaluation of left
ventricular contraction abnormalities in patients with
dilated cardiomyopathy with the use of pulsed tissue
Doppler imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12:913–
920, 1999.
15. Yamada H, Oki T, Mishiro Y, et al: Effect of aging
on diastolic left ventricular myocardial velocities
measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in
healthy subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12:574–
581, 1999.
16. Gorcsan J 3rd, Strum DP, MandarinoWA, et al: Quan-
titative assessment of alterations in regional left ven-
tricular contractility with color-coded tissue Doppler
echocardiography. Comparison with sonomicrome-
try and pressure-volume relations. Circulation
95:2423–2433, 1997.
17. Alam M, Wardell J, Andersson E, et al: Effects of first
myocardial infarction on left ventricular systolic and
diastolic function with the use of mitral annular velo-
city determined by pulsed wave Doppler tissue
imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:343–352, 2000.
18. Ama R, Segers P, Roosens C, et al: The effects of load
on systolic mitral annular velocity by tissue Doppler
imaging. Anesth Analg 99:332–338, 2004.
19. Hulyalkar AR, Ayd JD: Low risk of gastroesophageal
injury associated with transesophageal echocardio-
graphy during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc
Anesth 7:175–177, 1993.
20. Rousou JA, Tighe DA, Garb JL, et al: Risk of dyspha-
gia after transesophageal echocardiography during
cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 69:486–489,
2000.
21. Huang CH, Lu CW, Lin TY, et al: Complications of
intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in
adult cardiac surgical patients—experience of two
institutions in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 106:92–
95, 2007.
22. Olenchock SA Jr, Lukaszczyk JJ, Reed J 3rd, Theman
TE: Splenic injury after intraoperative transesopha-
geal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 72:2141–
2143, 2001.
23. Chow MS, Taylor MA, Hanson CW 3rd: Splenic lace-
ration associated with transesophageal echocardio-
graphy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12:314–316,
1998.
24. Daniel WG, Erbel R, Kasper W, et al: Safety of tran-
sesophageal echocardiography. A multicenter survey
of 10,419 examinations. Circulation 83:817–821,
1991.
25. Mentec H, Vignon P, Terre S, et al: Frequency of bac-
teremia associated with transesophageal echocardio-
graphy in intensive care unit patients: A prospective
study of 139 patients. Crit Care Med 23:1194–1199,
1995.
26. Read RC, Finch RG, Donald FE, et al: Infective endo-
carditis after transesophageal echocardiography. Cir-
culation 87:1426, 1993.
27. Stevenson JG: Incidence of complications in pediatric
transesophageal echocardiography: Experience in
1650 cases. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12:527–532,
1999.
28. Miller JP,LambertAS,ShapiroWA,et al:The adequacy
of basic intraoperative transesophageal echo
cardiography performed by experienced anesthe
siologists. Anesth Analg 92:1103–1110, 2001.
29. Lambert AS, Miller JP, Merrick SH, et al: Improved
evaluation of the location and mechanism of mitral
valve regurgitation with a systematic transesophageal
echocardiography examination. Anesth Analg
88:1205–1212, 1999.
30. Kircher BJ, Himelman RB, Schiller NB: Noninvasive
estimation of right atrial pressure from the inspira-
tory collapse of the inferior vena cava. Am J Cardiol
66:493–496, 1990.
31. Cheung AT, Savino JS, Weiss SJ, et al: Echocardiogra-
phic and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular
preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventri-
cular function. Anesthesiology 81:376–387, 1994.
32. Tousignant CP, Walsh F, Mazer CD: The use of tran-
sesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment
in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 90:351–355,
2000.
33. Swenson JD, Bull D, Stringham J: Subjective
assessment of left ventricular preload using transe-
sophageal echocardiography: Corresponding pulmo-
nary artery occlusion pressures. J Cardiothorac Vasc
Anesth 15:580–583, 2001.
34. Kuecherer HF, Muhiudeen IA, Kusumoto FM, et al:
Estimation of mean left atrial pressure from transe-
sophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography of pul-
monary venous flow. Circulation 82:1127–1139,
1990.
35. Kusumoto FM, Muhiudeen IA, Kuecherer HF, et al:
Response of the interatrial septum to transatrial pres-
sure gradients and its potential for predicting pulmo-
nary capillary wedge pressure: An intraoperative
study using transesophageal echocardiography in
patients during mechanical ventilation. J Am Coll
Cardiol 21:721–728, 1993.
36. Nomura M, Hillel Z, Shih H, et al: The association
between Doppler transmitral flow variables measured
by transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure. Anesth Analg 84:491–496,
1997.
37. Balik M, Pachl J, Hendl J, et al: Effect of the degree of
tricuspid regurgitation on cardiac output measure-
ments by thermodilution. Intensive Care Med
28:1117–1121, 2002.
38. Darmon PL, Hillel Z, Mogtader A, et al: Cardiac
output by transesophageal echocardiography using
continuous-wave Doppler across the aortic valve.
Anesthesiology 80:796–805, 1994.
39. Hoit BD: Left ventricular diastolic function. Crit Care
Med 35:S340–S347, 2007.
40. Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH: Clinical practice. Dias-
tolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 351:1097–1105,
2004.
41. Oh JK, Hatle L, Tajik AJ, Little WC: Diastolic heart
failure can be diagnosed by comprehensive two-
dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am
Coll Cardiol 47:500–506, 2006.
42. Reichert CL,Visser CA,Koolen JJ,et al: Transesophageal
echocardiography in hypotensive patients after cardiac
operations. Comparison with hemodynamic parame-
ters. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104:321–326, 1992.
43. Cicek S, Demirilic U, Kuralay E, et al: Transesopha-
geal echocardiography in cardiac surgical emergen-
cies. J Card Surg 10:236–244, 1995.
44. Cook CH, Praba AC, Beery PR, Martin LC: Transtho-
racic echocardiography is not cost-effective in critica-
lly ill surgical patients. J Trauma 52:280–284, 2002.
45. Heidenreich PA,Stainback RF,Redberg RF,et al: Tran-
sesophageal echocardiography predicts mortality in
critically ill patients with unexplained hypotension. J
Am Coll Cardiol 26:152–158, 1995.
46. van der Wouw PA, Koster RW, Delemarre BJ, et al:
Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardio-
graphy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am
Coll Cardiol 30:780–783, 1997.
47. Smith JS, Cahalan MK, Benefiel DJ, et al: Intraopera-
tive detection of myocardial ischemia in high-risk
patients: Electrocardiography versus two-dimensio-
nal transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation
72:1015–1021, 1985.
48. van Daele ME, Sutherland GR, Mitchell MM, et al:
Do changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
adequately reflect myocardial ischemia during anes-
thesia? A correlative preoperative hemodynamic,
electrocardiographic, and transesophageal echocar-
diographic study. Circulation 81:865–871, 1990.
49. Rouine-Rapp K, Ionescu P, Balea M, et al: Detection
of intraoperative segmental wall-motion abnormali-
ties by transesophageal echocardiography: The incre-
mental value of additional cross sections in the
transverse and longitudinal planes. Anesth Analg
83:1141–1148, 1996.
50. Cwajg JM,Cwajg E,Nagueh SF,et al: End-diastolic wall
thickness as a predictor of recovery of function inmyo-
cardial hibernation: Relation to rest-redistribution
T1-201 tomography and dobutamine stress echocar-
diography. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1152–1161, 2000.
51. Afridi I, Kleiman NS, Raizner AE, Zoghbi WA: Dobu-
tamine echocardiography in myocardial hibernation.
Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting recovery of
ventricular function after coronary angioplasty. Cir-
culation 91:663–670, 1995.
52. Seeberger MD, Cahalan MK, Rouine-Rapp K, et al:
Acute hypovolemia may cause segmental wall motion
abnormalities in the absence of myocardial ischemia.
Anesth Analg 85:1252–1257, 1997.
Bibliografía
Ecocardiografía transesofágica
1121
31
Sección III
Control de la anestesia