86. McDonald SB, Lui SS, Kopacz DJ, Stephensen CA:
Hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine: A comparison to
bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesthesiology 90:971,
1999.
87. Gautier PE, DeKock M,Van Steenberge A: Intrathe-
cal ropivacaine for ambulatory surgery: A compari-
son with intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal
ropivacaine for knee arthroscopy. Anesthesiology
91:1239, 1999.
88. Alley EA, Kopacz DJ, McDonald SB, Liu SS: Hyper-
baric spinal levobupivacaine: A comparison to
racemic bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesth Analg
94:188, 2002.
89. Glaser C, Marhofer P, Zimpfer G, et al: Levobupiva-
caine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anes-
thesia. Anesth Analg 94:194, 2002.
90. Kozody R, Swartz J, Palahniuk RJ, et al: Spinal cord
blood flow following subarachnoid lidocaine. Can J
Anaesth 32:472, 1985.
91. Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, Wade JG, et al: The effect
of subarachnoid epinephrine and phenylephrine on
spinal cord blood flow. Can J Anaesth 31:503,
1984.
92. Bedder MD, Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, et al: Cloni-
dine prolongs tetracaine spinal anesthesia. Can J
Anaesth 33:591, 1986.
93. Eisenach JC, De Kock M, Klimscha W: Alpha-2-
adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: A clini-
cal review of clonidine (1984-1995).Anesthesiology
85:655, 1996.
94. Xu Z, Tong C, Eisenach JC: Acetylcholine stimulates
the release of nitric oxide from rat spinal cord.
Anesthesiology 85:107, 1996.
95. Lauretti GR, Hood DD, Eisenach JC, Pfiefer BL: A
multicenter study of intrathecal neostigmine for
analgesia following vaginal hysterectomy. Anesthe-
siology 89:913, 1998.
96. Greene NM: Uptake and elimination of local anes-
thetics during spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg
62:1013, 1983.
97. Chambers WA, Littlewood DG, Scott DB: Spinal
anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: Effect of
added vasoconstrictors. Anesth Analg 61:49, 1982.
98. Leicht CH, Carlson SA: Prolongation of lidocaine
spinal anesthesia with epinephrine and phenyle-
phrine. Anesth Analg 65:365, 1986.
99. Concepcion M, Maddi R, Francis D, et al:Vasocons-
trictors in spinal anesthesia with tetracaine—a com-
parison of epinephrine and phenylephrine. Anesth
Analg 63:134, 1984.
100. Vaida GT, Moss P, Capan LM, et al: Prolongation of
lidocaine spinal anesthesia with phenylephrine.
Anesth Analg 65:781, 1986.
101. Feldman HS, Covino BG: Effect of vasoconstrictor
agents on the duration of action of intrathecal tetra-
caine, bupivacaine and lidocaine in the dog. Reg
Anesth 10:133, 1985.
102. Atchison SR, Wedel DJ, Wilson PR, et al: Effect of
injection rate on level and duration of hypobaric
spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:A255, 1987.
103. Steinstra R, Gielen M, van Poorten F, et al: Spinal
anesthesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5%: Regression
of sensory and motor blockade with different tem-
peratures of the anesthetic solution. Anesth Analg
69:593, 1989.
104. McKeown DW, Stewart K, Littlewood DG, et al:
Spinal anesthesia with plain solutions of lidocaine
(2%) and bupivacaine (0.5%). Reg Anesth 11:68,
1986.
105. Greene NM: Distribution of local anesthetic solu-
tions within the subarachnoid space. Anesth Analg
64:715, 1985.
106. Stienstra R, Veering BT: Intrathecal drug spread: Is
it controllable? Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:347, 1998.
107. Cameron AE, Arnold RW, Ghoris MW, et al: Spinal
analgesia using bupivacaine 0.5%
plain:Variationin
the extent of the block with patient age.Anaesthesia
36:318, 1981.
108. Pitkanen M, Haapaniemi L, Tuominen M, et al:
Influence of age on spinal anesthesia with isobaric
0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 56:279, 1984.
109. McClure JH, Brown DT, Wildsmith JAW: Effect of
injected volume and speed of injection on the
spread of spinal anesthesia with isobaric ametho-
caine. Br J Anaesth 54:917, 1982.
110. Holman SJ, Robinson RA, Beardsley D, et al: Hyper-
baric dye solution distribution characteristics after
pencil-point needle injection in a spinal cord model.
Anesthesiology 86:966, 1997.
111. Urmey WF, Stanton J, Bassin P, et al: The direction
of the Whitacre needle aperture affects the extent
and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia. Anesth
Analg 84:337, 1997.
112. Levy JH, Islas JA, Ghia JN, et al: A retrospective
study of the incidence and causes of failed spinal
anesthetics in a university hospital. Anesth Analg
64:705, 1985.
113. Curatolo M, Orlando A, Zbinden AM, et al: A mul-
tifactorial analysis to explain inadequate surgical
analgesia after extradural block.Br JAnaesth 75:274,
1995.
114. Caplan RA, Ward RJ, Posner K, et al: Unexpected
cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia: A closed
claims analysis of predisposing factors. Anesthesio-
logy 68:5, 1988.
115. Rigler M,Drasner K,Krejcie TC,et al: Cauda equina
syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 72:275, 1991.
116. Marinacci AA: Neurologic aspects of complications
of spinal anesthesia. Los Angeles Neurol Soc Bull
25:170, 1960.
117. Vandam LD, Dripps RD: A long-term follow-up of
patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics. II.
Incidence and analyses of minor sensory neurologic
defects. Surgery 38:463, 1955.
118. Kane RE: Neurologic deficits following epidural or
spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60:150, 1981.
119. Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, et al: Serious compli-
cations related to regional anesthesia. Anesthesio-
logy 87:479, 1997.
120. Bromage PR: Neurologic complications of subara-
chnoid and epidural anaesthesia [editorial]. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 41:439, 1997.
121. Reynolds F: Damage to the conus medullaris
following spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 56:235,
2001.
122. Fettes PDW, Wildsmith JAW: Somebody else’s
nervous system [editorial]. Br J Anaesth 88:760,
2002.
123. Lybecker H, Djernes M, Schmidt JF: Postdural
puncture headache (PDPH): Onset, duration, seve-
rity and associated symptoms. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 39:605, 1995.
124. Denny N, Masters R, Pearson D, et al: Postdural
puncture headache after continuous spinal anesthe-
sia. Anesth Analg 66:791, 1987.
125. Mihic DN: Postspinal headache and relationship of
the needle bevel to longitudinal dural fibers. Reg
Anesth 10:76, 1985.
126. Halpern S, Preston R: Postdural puncture headache
and spinal needle design. Anesthesiology 81:1376,
1994.
127. Jones RJ: The role of recumbency in the prevention
and treatment of postspinal headache. Anesth
Analg 53:788, 1974.
128. Thornberry EA, Thomas TA: Posture and post-spi-
nal headache: A controlled trial in 80 obstetric
patients. Br J Anaesth 60:195, 1988.
129. Baumgarten RK: Should caffeine become the first-
line treatment for postdural puncture headache?
Anesth Analg 66:913, 1987.
130. Harrington BE: Postdural puncture headache and
the development of the epidural blood patch. Reg
Anesth Pain Med 29:136, 2004.
131. Gormley JB: Treatment of postspinal headache.
Anesthesiology 21:565, 1960.
132. Safa-Tisseront V, Thormann F, Malassine P, et al:
Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the mana-
gement of post–dural puncture headache. Anesthe-
siology 95:334, 2001.
133. Szeinfeld M, Ihmeidan IH, Moser MM, et al: Epidu-
ral blood patch: Evaluation of the volume of spread
of blood injected into the epidural space. Anesthe-
siology 64:820, 1986.
134. Beards SC, Jackson A, Griffiths AG, et al: Magnetic
resonance imaging of extradural blood patches:
Appearance from 30min to 18h. Br J Anaesth
71:182, 1993.
135. Brown EM, Elman DS: Postoperative backache.
Anesth Analg 40:683, 1961.
136. Zornow MH, Scheller MS: Cardiac arrest during
spinal anesthesia [letter]. Anesthesiology 68:970,
1988.
137. Mackey DC, Carpenter RL, Thompson GE, et al:
Bradycardia and asystole during spinal anesthesia:
A report of three cases without morbidity.Anesthe-
siology 70:866, 1989.
138. Thompson KW: Fatalities from spinal anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 13:75, 1934.
139. Wetstone DL, Wong KC: Sinus bradycardia and
asystole during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology
41:87, 1974.
140. Seow LT, Lips FJ, Cousins MJ: Effect of lateral posi-
tion on epidural blockade for surgery. Anaesth
Intensive Care 11:97, 1973.
141. Grau T, Leipold RW, Conradi R, et al: Ultrasound
imaging facilitates localization of the epidural space
during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia.
Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:64, 2001.
142. Giebler RM, Scherer RU, Peters J: Incidence of neu-
rologic complications related to thoracic epidural
catheterization. Anesthesiology 86:55, 1997.
143. Zarzur E: Genesis of “true” negative pressure in the
lumbar epidural space: A new hypothesis. Anaes-
thesia 39:1101, 1984.
144. Philip BK: Effect of epidural air injection on cathe-
ter complications: Experience in obstetric patients.
Reg Anesth 10:21, 1985.
145. Verniquet AJW: Vessel puncture with epidural
catheters. Anaesthesia 35:660, 1980.
146. D’Angelo R, Berkebile BL, Gernacher JC: Prospec-
tive examination of epidural catheter insertion.
Anesthesiology 84:88, 1996.
147. Asato F, Goto F: Radiographic findings of unilateral
epidural block. Anesth Analg 83:519, 1996.
148. Hamilton CL, Riley ET, Cohen SE: Changes in
the position of epidural catheters associated
with patient movement. Anesthesiology 86:778,
1997.
149. Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B: The
optimal distance that a multi-orifice epidural cathe-
ter should be threaded into the epidural space.
Anesth Analg 81:301, 1995.
150. D’Angelo R, Foss ML, Livesay CH: A comparison of
multiport and uniport epidural catheters in labo-
ring patients. Anesth Analg 84:1276, 1997.
151. Langevin PG, Gravenstein N, Langevin SO, et al:
Epidural catheter reconnection: Safe and unsafe
practice. Anesthesiology 85:883, 1996.
152. Moore DC, Spierdijk J, vanKleef JD, et al: Chloro-
procaine neurotoxicity: Four additional cases.
Anesth Analg 61:155, 1982.
Anestesias raquídea, epidural y caudal
1403
41
Sección III
Control de la anestesia
© ELSEVIER. Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito