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86. McDonald SB, Lui SS, Kopacz DJ, Stephensen CA:

Hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine: A comparison to

bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesthesiology 90:971,

1999.

87. Gautier PE, DeKock M,Van Steenberge A: Intrathe-

cal ropivacaine for ambulatory surgery: A compari-

son with intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal

ropivacaine for knee arthroscopy. Anesthesiology

91:1239, 1999.

88. Alley EA, Kopacz DJ, McDonald SB, Liu SS: Hyper-

baric spinal levobupivacaine: A comparison to

racemic bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesth Analg

94:188, 2002.

89. Glaser C, Marhofer P, Zimpfer G, et al: Levobupiva-

caine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anes-

thesia. Anesth Analg 94:194, 2002.

90. Kozody R, Swartz J, Palahniuk RJ, et al: Spinal cord

blood flow following subarachnoid lidocaine. Can J

Anaesth 32:472, 1985.

91. Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, Wade JG, et al: The effect

of subarachnoid epinephrine and phenylephrine on

spinal cord blood flow. Can J Anaesth 31:503,

1984.

92. Bedder MD, Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, et al: Cloni-

dine prolongs tetracaine spinal anesthesia. Can J

Anaesth 33:591, 1986.

93. Eisenach JC, De Kock M, Klimscha W: Alpha-2-

adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: A clini-

cal review of clonidine (1984-1995).Anesthesiology

85:655, 1996.

94. Xu Z, Tong C, Eisenach JC: Acetylcholine stimulates

the release of nitric oxide from rat spinal cord.

Anesthesiology 85:107, 1996.

95. Lauretti GR, Hood DD, Eisenach JC, Pfiefer BL: A

multicenter study of intrathecal neostigmine for

analgesia following vaginal hysterectomy. Anesthe-

siology 89:913, 1998.

96. Greene NM: Uptake and elimination of local anes-

thetics during spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg

62:1013, 1983.

97. Chambers WA, Littlewood DG, Scott DB: Spinal

anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: Effect of

added vasoconstrictors. Anesth Analg 61:49, 1982.

98. Leicht CH, Carlson SA: Prolongation of lidocaine

spinal anesthesia with epinephrine and phenyle-

phrine. Anesth Analg 65:365, 1986.

99. Concepcion M, Maddi R, Francis D, et al:Vasocons-

trictors in spinal anesthesia with tetracaine—a com-

parison of epinephrine and phenylephrine. Anesth

Analg 63:134, 1984.

100. Vaida GT, Moss P, Capan LM, et al: Prolongation of

lidocaine spinal anesthesia with phenylephrine.

Anesth Analg 65:781, 1986.

101. Feldman HS, Covino BG: Effect of vasoconstrictor

agents on the duration of action of intrathecal tetra-

caine, bupivacaine and lidocaine in the dog. Reg

Anesth 10:133, 1985.

102. Atchison SR, Wedel DJ, Wilson PR, et al: Effect of

injection rate on level and duration of hypobaric

spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 67:A255, 1987.

103. Steinstra R, Gielen M, van Poorten F, et al: Spinal

anesthesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5%: Regression

of sensory and motor blockade with different tem-

peratures of the anesthetic solution. Anesth Analg

69:593, 1989.

104. McKeown DW, Stewart K, Littlewood DG, et al:

Spinal anesthesia with plain solutions of lidocaine

(2%) and bupivacaine (0.5%). Reg Anesth 11:68,

1986.

105. Greene NM: Distribution of local anesthetic solu-

tions within the subarachnoid space. Anesth Analg

64:715, 1985.

106. Stienstra R, Veering BT: Intrathecal drug spread: Is

it controllable? Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:347, 1998.

107. Cameron AE, Arnold RW, Ghoris MW, et al: Spinal

analgesia using bupivacaine 0.5%

plain:Variation

in

the extent of the block with patient age.Anaesthesia

36:318, 1981.

108. Pitkanen M, Haapaniemi L, Tuominen M, et al:

Influence of age on spinal anesthesia with isobaric

0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 56:279, 1984.

109. McClure JH, Brown DT, Wildsmith JAW: Effect of

injected volume and speed of injection on the

spread of spinal anesthesia with isobaric ametho-

caine. Br J Anaesth 54:917, 1982.

110. Holman SJ, Robinson RA, Beardsley D, et al: Hyper-

baric dye solution distribution characteristics after

pencil-point needle injection in a spinal cord model.

Anesthesiology 86:966, 1997.

111. Urmey WF, Stanton J, Bassin P, et al: The direction

of the Whitacre needle aperture affects the extent

and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia. Anesth

Analg 84:337, 1997.

112. Levy JH, Islas JA, Ghia JN, et al: A retrospective

study of the incidence and causes of failed spinal

anesthetics in a university hospital. Anesth Analg

64:705, 1985.

113. Curatolo M, Orlando A, Zbinden AM, et al: A mul-

tifactorial analysis to explain inadequate surgical

analgesia after extradural block.Br JAnaesth 75:274,

1995.

114. Caplan RA, Ward RJ, Posner K, et al: Unexpected

cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia: A closed

claims analysis of predisposing factors. Anesthesio-

logy 68:5, 1988.

115. Rigler M,Drasner K,Krejcie TC,et al: Cauda equina

syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia.

Anesth Analg 72:275, 1991.

116. Marinacci AA: Neurologic aspects of complications

of spinal anesthesia. Los Angeles Neurol Soc Bull

25:170, 1960.

117. Vandam LD, Dripps RD: A long-term follow-up of

patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics. II.

Incidence and analyses of minor sensory neurologic

defects. Surgery 38:463, 1955.

118. Kane RE: Neurologic deficits following epidural or

spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60:150, 1981.

119. Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, et al: Serious compli-

cations related to regional anesthesia. Anesthesio-

logy 87:479, 1997.

120. Bromage PR: Neurologic complications of subara-

chnoid and epidural anaesthesia [editorial]. Acta

Anaesthesiol Scand 41:439, 1997.

121. Reynolds F: Damage to the conus medullaris

following spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 56:235,

2001.

122. Fettes PDW, Wildsmith JAW: Somebody else’s

nervous system [editorial]. Br J Anaesth 88:760,

2002.

123. Lybecker H, Djernes M, Schmidt JF: Postdural

puncture headache (PDPH): Onset, duration, seve-

rity and associated symptoms. Acta Anaesthesiol

Scand 39:605, 1995.

124. Denny N, Masters R, Pearson D, et al: Postdural

puncture headache after continuous spinal anesthe-

sia. Anesth Analg 66:791, 1987.

125. Mihic DN: Postspinal headache and relationship of

the needle bevel to longitudinal dural fibers. Reg

Anesth 10:76, 1985.

126. Halpern S, Preston R: Postdural puncture headache

and spinal needle design. Anesthesiology 81:1376,

1994.

127. Jones RJ: The role of recumbency in the prevention

and treatment of postspinal headache. Anesth

Analg 53:788, 1974.

128. Thornberry EA, Thomas TA: Posture and post-spi-

nal headache: A controlled trial in 80 obstetric

patients. Br J Anaesth 60:195, 1988.

129. Baumgarten RK: Should caffeine become the first-

line treatment for postdural puncture headache?

Anesth Analg 66:913, 1987.

130. Harrington BE: Postdural puncture headache and

the development of the epidural blood patch. Reg

Anesth Pain Med 29:136, 2004.

131. Gormley JB: Treatment of postspinal headache.

Anesthesiology 21:565, 1960.

132. Safa-Tisseront V, Thormann F, Malassine P, et al:

Effectiveness of epidural blood patch in the mana-

gement of post–dural puncture headache. Anesthe-

siology 95:334, 2001.

133. Szeinfeld M, Ihmeidan IH, Moser MM, et al: Epidu-

ral blood patch: Evaluation of the volume of spread

of blood injected into the epidural space. Anesthe-

siology 64:820, 1986.

134. Beards SC, Jackson A, Griffiths AG, et al: Magnetic

resonance imaging of extradural blood patches:

Appearance from 30min to 18h. Br J Anaesth

71:182, 1993.

135. Brown EM, Elman DS: Postoperative backache.

Anesth Analg 40:683, 1961.

136. Zornow MH, Scheller MS: Cardiac arrest during

spinal anesthesia [letter]. Anesthesiology 68:970,

1988.

137. Mackey DC, Carpenter RL, Thompson GE, et al:

Bradycardia and asystole during spinal anesthesia:

A report of three cases without morbidity.Anesthe-

siology 70:866, 1989.

138. Thompson KW: Fatalities from spinal anesthesia.

Anesth Analg 13:75, 1934.

139. Wetstone DL, Wong KC: Sinus bradycardia and

asystole during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology

41:87, 1974.

140. Seow LT, Lips FJ, Cousins MJ: Effect of lateral posi-

tion on epidural blockade for surgery. Anaesth

Intensive Care 11:97, 1973.

141. Grau T, Leipold RW, Conradi R, et al: Ultrasound

imaging facilitates localization of the epidural space

during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia.

Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:64, 2001.

142. Giebler RM, Scherer RU, Peters J: Incidence of neu-

rologic complications related to thoracic epidural

catheterization. Anesthesiology 86:55, 1997.

143. Zarzur E: Genesis of “true” negative pressure in the

lumbar epidural space: A new hypothesis. Anaes-

thesia 39:1101, 1984.

144. Philip BK: Effect of epidural air injection on cathe-

ter complications: Experience in obstetric patients.

Reg Anesth 10:21, 1985.

145. Verniquet AJW: Vessel puncture with epidural

catheters. Anaesthesia 35:660, 1980.

146. D’Angelo R, Berkebile BL, Gernacher JC: Prospec-

tive examination of epidural catheter insertion.

Anesthesiology 84:88, 1996.

147. Asato F, Goto F: Radiographic findings of unilateral

epidural block. Anesth Analg 83:519, 1996.

148. Hamilton CL, Riley ET, Cohen SE: Changes in

the position of epidural catheters associated

with patient movement. Anesthesiology 86:778,

1997.

149. Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B: The

optimal distance that a multi-orifice epidural cathe-

ter should be threaded into the epidural space.

Anesth Analg 81:301, 1995.

150. D’Angelo R, Foss ML, Livesay CH: A comparison of

multiport and uniport epidural catheters in labo-

ring patients. Anesth Analg 84:1276, 1997.

151. Langevin PG, Gravenstein N, Langevin SO, et al:

Epidural catheter reconnection: Safe and unsafe

practice. Anesthesiology 85:883, 1996.

152. Moore DC, Spierdijk J, vanKleef JD, et al: Chloro-

procaine neurotoxicity: Four additional cases.

Anesth Analg 61:155, 1982.

Anestesias raquídea, epidural y caudal

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Sección III

Control de la anestesia

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