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153. Winnie AP, Nader AM: Santayana’s prophecy fulfi-

lled. Reg Anesth Pain Med 26:558, 2001.

154. Stevens RA, Urmey WF, Urquhart BL, et al: Back

pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine.

Anesthesiology 78:492, 1993.

155. Kasaba T, Yoshikawa G, Seguchi T, et al: Epidural

fentanyl improves the onset and spread of epidural

mepivacaine analgesia. Can J Anaesth 43:1211,

1996.

156. Sitzman BT, DiFazio CA, Playfair PA, et al: Reversal

of lidocaine with epinephrine epidural anesthesia

using epidural saline washout. Reg Anesth Pain

Med 26:246, 2001.

157. Lynch C: Depression of myocardial contractility in

vitro by bupivacaine, etidocaine, and lidocaine.

Anesth Analg 65:551, 1986.

158. Kasten GW: Amide local anesthetic alterations of

effective refractory period temporal dispersion:

Relationship to ventricular arrhythmias. Anesthe-

siology 65:61, 1986.

159. Moeller R, Covino BG: Cardiac electrophysiologic

properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared

with those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anes-

thetic. Anesthesiology 72:322, 1990.

160. McClure JH. Ropivacaine. Br J Anaesth 76:300,

1996.

161. Kopacz DJ, Allen HW, Thompson GE: A compari-

son of epidural levobupivacaine 0.75% with racemic

bupivacaine for lower abdominal surgery. Anesth

Analg 90:642, 2000.

162. Moore DC,Bridenbaugh PO,Bridenbaugh LD,et al:

A double-blind study of bupivacaine and etidocaine

for epidural (peridural) block.Anesth Analg 53:690,

1974.

163. Stanton-Hicks M,Murphy TM,Bonica JJ,et al:Effects

of extradural block: Comparison of the properties,

circulatory effects and pharmacokinetics of etido-

caine and bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 48:575, 1976.

164. Stanton-Hicks M, Berges PU, Bonica JJ: Circulatory

effects of peridural block. IV. Comparison of the

effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine. Anesthe-

siology 39:308, 1973.

165. Park WY, Hagins FM: Comparison of lidocaine

hydrocarbonate with lidocaine hydrochloride for

epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth 11:128, 1986.

166. Bokesch PM, Raymond SA, Strichartz GR: Depen-

dence of lidocaine potency on pH and Pco

2

.Anesth

Analg 66:9, 1987.

167. Brown DT, Morison DH, Covino BG, et al: Compa-

rison of carbonated bupivacaine and bupivacaine

hydrochloride for extradural anaesthesia. Br J

Anaesth 52:419, 1980.

168. Martin R, Lamarche Y, Tetreault L: Effects of carbon

dioxide and epinephrine on serum levels of lido-

caine after epidural anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth

28:224, 1981.

169. Parnass SM, Curran MA, Becker GL: Comparison

of hypotensive responses of the carbonated and

hydrochloride salts of lidocaine in epidural blocks.

Anesth Analg 66:S134, 1987.

170. Di Fazio CA,Carron HO,Grosslight KR,et al: Com-

parison of pH adjusted lidocaine solutions for epi-

dural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 65:760, 1986.

171. Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, et

al: Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhan-

ces the depth of epidural blockade. Anesth Analg

86:341, 1998.

172. Liu PL, Feldman HS, Giasi R, et al: Comparative

CNS toxicity of lidocaine, etidocaine, bupivacaine,

and tetracaine in awake dogs following rapid intra-

venous administration. Anesth Analg 62:375, 1983.

173. Tanaka K, Yamasaki M: Blocking of cortical inhibi-

tory synapses by intravenous lidocaine. Nature

209:207, 1966.

174. Munson ES, Tucker WK, Ausinsch B, et al: Etido-

caine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine seizures thres-

holds in monkeys. Anesthesiology 42:471, 1975.

175. Block A, Covino B: Effect of local anesthetic agents

on cardiac conduction and contractility. Reg Anesth

6:55, 1981.

176. de Jong RH, Ronfeld RA, DeRosa RA: Cardiovascu-

lar effects of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses

of amide local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 61:3, 1982.

177. Kotelko DM, Shinder SM, Dailey PA, et al: Bupiva-

caine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in sheep. Anes-

thesiology 60:10, 1984.

178. Moller R, Covino BG: Cardiac electrophysiologic

properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared

with those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anes-

thetic. Anesthesiology 72:322, 1990.

179. Kopacz DJ,Allen HW: Accidental intravenous levo-

bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 89:1027, 1999.

180. Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA, et al: Regional

anesthesia and local anesthetic–induced systemic

toxicity: Seizure frequency and accompanying car-

diovascular changes. Anesth Analg 81:321, 1995.

181. Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD: Oxygen: The antidote

for systemic toxic reactions from local anesthetic

drugs. JAMA 174:842, 1960.

182. Munson ES, Wagman IH: Diazepam treatment of

local anesthetic–induced seizures. Anesthesiology

37:523, 1972.

183. Moore DC, Balfour RI, Fitzgibbons D: Convulsive

arterial plasma levels of bupivacaine and the res-

ponse to diazepam therapy. Anesthesiology 50:454,

1979.

184. Evans TI: Total spinal anesthesia.Anaesth Intensive

Care 2:158, 1974.

185. Horlocker TT,Wedel DJ, Schroeder DR, et al: Preo-

perative antiplatelet therapy does not increase the

risk of spinal hematoma associated with regional

anesthesia. Anesth Analg 80:303, 1995.

186. Mayumi T, Dohi S: Spinal subarachnoid hematoma

after lumbar puncture in a patient receiving antipla-

telet therapy. Anesth Analg 62:777, 1983.

187. Greensite FS, Katz J: Spinal subdural hematoma

associated with attempted epidural anesthesia and

subsequent continuous spinal anesthesia. Anesth

Analg 59:72, 1980.

188. Odoom JA, Sih IL: Epidural analgesia and anticoa-

gulant therapy: Experience with one thousand cases

of continuous epidurals. Anesthesia 38:254, 1983.

189. Owens EL, Kasten GW, Hessel EA: Spinal subarach-

noid hematoma after lumbar puncture and hepari-

nization: A case report, review of the literature, and

discussion of anesthetic implications. Anesth Analg

65:1201, 1986.

190. Hynson JM, Katz JA, Bueff HU: Epidural hematoma

associated with enoxaparin. Anesth Analg 82:1072,

1996.

191. Rao TLK,El-Etr AA:Anticoagulation following pla-

cement of epidural and subarachnoid catheters: An

evaluation of neurologic sequelae. Anesthesiology

55:618, 1981.

192. Baron HC, LaRaja RD, Rossi G, et al: Continuous

epidural analgesia in the heparinized vascular

surgery patient: A retrospective review of 912

patients. J Vasc Surg 6:144, 1987.

193. Cousins MJ,Bromage PR: Epidural neural blockade.

In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Bloc-

kade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of

Pain. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1988, pp 255.

194. Ravindran RS: Epidural autologous blood patch on

an outpatient basis [letter]. Anesth Analg 63:962,

1984.

195. Lui S, Ware PD, Allen HW, et al: Dose-response

characteristics of spinal bupivacaine in volunteers:

Clinical implications for ambulatory anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 85:729, 1996.

196. Hurley RJ, Lambert DH: Continuous spinal anes-

thesia with a microcatheter technique. Reg Anesth

12:53, 1987.

197. Moore DC, Batra MS: The components of an effec-

tive test dose prior to epidural block. Anesthesio-

logy 55:693, 1981.

198. Hood DD, Dewan DM, James FM: Maternal and

fetal effects of epinephrine in gravid ewes.Anesthe-

siology 64:610, 1986.

199. Chadwick HS, Benedetti C, Ready LB, et al: Epine-

phrine-containing test doses—Don’t throw the baby

out with the bath water [letter]. Anesthesiology

66:571, 1987.

200. Hom M, Johnson P, Mulroy M: Blood pressure res-

ponse to an epinephrine test dose in beta-blocked

subjects [abstract]. Anesthesiology 67:A268, 1987.

201. Lui S, Carpenter RL: Hemodynamic response to

intravascular injection of epinephrine-containing

epidural test doses in adults during general anesthe-

sia. Anesthesiology 84:81, 1996.

202. Batra MS, Bridenbaugh LD, Levy S: Epidural anes-

thesia for cesarean section: Comparison of bolus

and fractionated injection. Reg Anesth 10:32, 1985.

203. Bernards CM, Carpenter RL, Brown DL, et al: Effect

of midazolam and diazepam premedication on

central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity

of bupivacaine in pigs. Anesthesiology 70:318,

1989.

204. Brownridge P: Epidural and subarachnoid analgesia

for elective cesarean section [letter]. Anaesthesia

36:70, 1981.

205. Carrie LES: Epidural versus combined spinal epidu-

ral block for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol

Scand 32:595, 1988.

206. Dennsion B: Combined subarachnoid and epidural

block for cesarean section. Can J Anaesth 34:105,

1987.

207. Rawal N, Schollin J, Wesstrom G: Epidural versus

combined spinal epidural block for cesarean section.

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:61, 1988.

208. Albright GA, Forster RM: The safety and efficacy of

combined spinal and epidural analgesia/anesthesia

(6002 blocks) in a community hospital. Reg Anesth

Pain Med 24:117, 1999.

209. Simmons SW, Cyna AM, Dennis AT, Hughes D:

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analge-

sia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev

3:CD003401, 2007.

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