356
Farmacología y anestesia
II
Ca
2+
sensitivity in airway smooth muscle. J Appl
Physiol 92:257, 2002.
8. Hirshman CA, Lande B, Croxton TL: Role of M
2
muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle con-
traction. Life Sci 64:443, 1999.
9. Groeben H, Brown RH: Ipratropium decreases
airway size in dogs by preferential M
2
muscarinic
receptor blockade in vivo. Anesthesiology 85:867,
1996.
10. Emala CW, McQuitty CK, Eleff SM, et al: Asthma,
allergy, and airway hyperresponsiveness are not
linked to the beta(2)-adrenoceptor gene. Chest
121:722, 2002.
11. Park KW, Sato K, Dai HB, et al: Epithelium-depen-
dent bronchodilatory activity is preserved in pig
bronchioles after normothermic cardiopulmonary
bypass. Anesth Analg 90:778, 2000.
12. Fehr JJ, Hirshman CA, Emala CW: Cellular signa-
ling by the potent bronchoconstrictor endothelin-1
in airway smooth muscle. Crit Care Med 28:1884,
2000.
13. D’Angelo E, Calderini IS, Tavola M: The effects of
CO
2
on respiratory mechanics in anesthetized
paralyzed humans. Anesthesiology 94:604, 2001.
14. Mazzeo AJ, Cheng EY, Stadnicka A, et al: Topogra-
phic differences in the direct effects of isoflurane on
airway smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 78:948, 1994.
15. Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, et al: Isoflurane-
and halothane-mediated dilation of distal bronchi
in the rat depends on the epithelium. Anesthesio-
logy 86:1078, 1997.
16. Habre W, Petak F, Sly PD, et al: Protective effects of
volatile agents against methacholine-induced bron-
choconstriction in rats. Anesthesiology 94:348, 2001.
17. Brown RH, Mitzner W, Zerhouni E, et al: Direct in
vivo visualization of bronchodilation induced by
inhalational anesthesia using high-resolution com-
puted tomography. Anesthesiology 78:295, 1993.
18. Brown RH, Zerhouni E, Hirshman CA: Compari-
son of low concentrations of halothane and isoflu-
rane as bronchodilators. Anesthesiology 78:1097,
1993.
19. Yamamoto K, Morimoto N, Warner DO, et al:
Factors influencing the direct actions of volatile
anesthetics on airway smooth muscle. Anesthesio-
logy 78:1102, 1993.
20. Mitsuhata H, Saitoh J, Shimizu R, et al: Sevoflurane
and isoflurane protect against bronchospasm in
dogs. Anesthesiology 81:1230, 2004.
21. Katoh T, Ikeda KCJA: A comparison of sevoflurane
with halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on bron-
choconstriction caused by histamine.Can J Anaesth
41:1214, 1994.
22. Cheng EY, Mazzeo AJ, Bosnjak ZJ, et al: Direct
relaxant effects of intravenous anesthetics on airway
smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 83:162, 1996.
23. Mazzeo AJ, Cheng EY, Bosnjak ZJ, et al: Differential
effects of desflurane and halothane on peripheral
airway smooth muscle. Br J Anaesth 76:841, 1996.
24. Goff MJ, Arain SR, Ficke DJ, et al: Absence of bron-
chodilation during desflurane anesthesia: A compa-
rison to sevoflurane and thiopental.Anesthesiology
93:404, 2000.
25. Yamakage M, Chen X, Tsuijiguchi N, et al: Different
inhibitory effects of volatile anesthetics on T- and
L-type voltage-dependent Ca
2+
channels in porcine
tracheal and bronchial smooth muscles. Anesthe-
siology 94:683, 2001.
26. Crawford MW, Arrica M, Macgowan CK, Yoo S-J:
Extent and localization of changes in upper airway
caliber with varying concentrations of sevoflurane
in children. Anesthesiology 105:1147, 2006.
27. Dikmen Y, Eminoglou E, Salihoglou Z, Demiroluk
S: Pulmonary mechanics during isoflurane, sevoflu-
rane and desflurane anesthesia. Anaesthesia 58:745,
2003.
28. Hashimoto Y, Hirota K, Ohtomo N, et al: In vivo
direct measurement of the bronchodilating effect of
sevoflurane using a superfine fiberoptic bronchos-
cope: Comparison with enflurane and halothane. J
Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:213, 1996.
29. Iwasaki S, Yamakage M, Satoh J-I, Namiki A: Diffe-
rent inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on hyperreac-
tive airway smooth muscle contractility in
ovalbumin-sensitized and chronic cigarette-smo-
king guinea pig models. Anesthesiology 105:753,
2006.
30. Yamakage M: Direct inhibitory mechanisms of
halothane on canine tracheal smooth muscle con-
traction. Anesthesiology 77:546, 1992.
31. Nyktari VG, Papaioannou AA, Prinianakis G, et al:
Effect of the physical properties of isoflurane, sevo-
flurane and desflurane on pulmonary resistance in
a laboratory lung model. Anesthesiology 104:1202,
2006.
32. Kai T, Jones KA, Warner DO: Halothane attenuates
calcium sensitization in airway smooth muscle by
inhibiting G-proteins. Anesthesiology 89:1543,
1998.
33. Janssen LJ: T-type and L-type Ca
2+
currents in
canine bronchial smooth muscle: Characterization
and physiological roles. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
272:C1757, 1997.
34. Chen X, Yamakage M, Namiki A: Inhibitory effects
of volatile anesthetics on K
+
and Cl
–
channel
currents in porcine tracheal and bronchial smooth
muscle. Anesthesiology 96:458, 2002.
35. Yamakage M, Chen X, Kimura A, et al: The repola-
rizing effects of volatile anesthetics on porcine tra-
cheal and bronchial smooth muscle cells. Anesth
Analg 94:84, 2002.
36. Fukushima T, Hirasaki A, Jones KA, et al: Halothane
and potassium channels in airway smooth muscle.
Br J Anaesth 76:847, 1996.
37. Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Kannan MS, et al: Effect
of halothane on intracellular calcium oscillations in
porcine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol
Lung Cell Mol Physiol 276:L81, 1999.
38. Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Kannan MS, et al: Effects
of halothane on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
release channels in porcine airway smooth muscle
cells. Anesthesiology 95:207, 2001.
39. Kai T, Bremerich DH, Jones KA,Warner DO: Drug-
specific effects of volatile anesthetics on Ca
2+
sensi-
tization in airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology
87:425, 1998.
40. Hanazaki M, Jones KA, Perkins WJ, et al: Halothane
increases smooth muscle protein phosphatase in
airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 94:129, 2001.
41. Jones KA, Wong GY, Jankowski CJ, et al: cGMP
modulation of Ca
2+
sensitivity in airway smooth
muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
276:L35, 1999.
42. Morimoto N, Yamamoto K, Jones KA, et al: Halo-
thane and pertussis toxin–sensitive G proteins in
airway smooth muscle. Anesth Analg 78:328, 1994.
43. Sakihara C, Perkins WJ, Warner DO, Jones KA:
Anestheticsinhibitacetylcholine-promotedguanine
nucleotide exchange of heterotrimeric G proteins of
airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 101:120,
2004.
44. Duracher C, Blanc F-X, Gueugniaud P-Y, et al: The
effects of isoflurane on airway kinetics in Fisher and
Lewis rats. Anesth Analg 101:136, 2005.
45. Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, et al: Epithelial
dependence of the bronchodilatory effect of sevo-
flurane and desflurane in rat distal bronchi. Anesth
Analg 86:646, 1998.
46. Mougdil GC: The patient with reactive airways
disease. Can J Anaesth 44:R77, 1997.
47. Warner DO, Brichant J-F, Rehder K: Direct and
neurally mediated effects of halothane on pulmo-
nary resistance in vivo. Anesthesiology 72:1057,
1990.
48. Wiklund CU, Lim S, Lindsten U, et al: Relaxation by
sevoflurane, desflurane and halothane in the isola-
ted guinea-pig trachea via inhibition of cholinergic
neurotransmission. Br J Anaesth 83:422, 1999.
49. Lindeman KS, Baker SG, Hirshman CA: Interaction
between halothane and the nonadrenergic, noncho-
linergic inhibitory system in porcine trachealis
muscle. Anesthesiology 81:641, 1994.
50. Akhtar S, Brull SJ: Effect of isoflurane on endothe-
lin-1 mediated airway smooth muscle contraction.
Pulm Pharmacol Ther 11:227, 1998.
51. Arakawa H, Takizawa T, Tokuyama K, et al: Efficacy
of inhaled anticholinergics and anesthesia in
treatment of a patient in status asthmaticus. J
Asthma 39:77, 2002.
52. Saulnier FF, Durocher AV, Deturck RA, et al: Respi-
ratory and hemodynamic effects of halothane in
status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med 16:104,
1990.
53. Rooke GA, Choi J-H, Bishop MJ: The effect of iso-
flurane, halothane, sevoflurane, and thiopental/
nitrous oxide on respiratory system resistance after
tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 86:1294, 1997.
54. Tobias JD,Hirshman CA:Attenuation of histamine-
induced airway constriction by albuterol during
halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 72:105, 1990.
55. Wu RSC,Wu KC,Wong TKM, et al: Isoflurane anes-
thesia does not add to the bronchodilating effect of
a beta 2-adrenergic agonist after tracheal intuba-
tion. Anesth Analg 83:238, 1996.
56. Yamakage M, Tsujiguchi N, Hattori J-I, et al: Low-
temperature modification of the inhibitory effects
of volatile anesthetics on airway smooth muscle
contraction in dogs. Anesthesiology 93:179, 2000.
57. Volta CA, Alvisi V, Petrini S, el al: The effect of
volatile anesthetics on respiratory system resistance
in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Anesth Analg 100:348, 2005.
58. Burburan SM, Xisto D, Ferreira HC, et al: Lung
mechanics and histology during sevoflurane anes-
thesia in a model of chronic allergic asthma.Anesth
Analg 104:631, 2007.
59. Goto T, Nakata Y, Morita S:Will xenon be a stranger
or a friend? The cost, benefit, and future of xenon
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 98:1, 2003.
60. Preckel B, Weber NC, Sanders RD, et al: Molecular
mechanisms transducing the anesthetic, analgesic,
and organ-protective actions of xenon. Anesthesio-
logy 105:187, 2006.
61. Rueckoldt H, Vangerow B, Marx G, et al: Xenon
inhalation increases airway pressure in ventilated
patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:1060, 1999.
62. Calzia E, Stahl W, Handschuh T, et al: Respiratory
mechanics during xenon anesthesia in pigs: Com-
parison with nitrous oxide.Anesthesiology 91:1378,
1999.
63. Fujii Y: Respiratory effects of xenon. Int Anesthesiol
Clin 39:95, 2001.
64. Zhang P, Ohara A, Mashimo T, et al: Pulmonary
resistance in dogs: A comparison of xenon with
nitrous oxide. Can J Anaesth 42:547, 1995.
65. Lachmann B,Armbruster S, Schairer W, et al: Safety
and efficacy of xenon in routine use as an inhalatio-
nal anaesthetic. Lancet 335:1413, 1995.
66. Calzia E, Stahl W, Handschuh T, et al: Continuous
arterial Po
2
and Pco
2
measurements in swine
during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination: Pre-
vention of diffusion. Anesthesiology 90:829, 1999.