358
Farmacología y anestesia
II
flurane and desflurane anesthesia compared to the
conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs.
Anesthesiology 89:1501, 1998.
125. Kerbaul F, Guidon C, Stephanazzi J, et al: Sub-MAC
concentrations of desflurane do not inhibit hypoxic
pulmonary vasoconstriction in anesthetized piglets.
Can J Anaesth 48:760, 2001.
126. Schwarzkopf K,Shreiber T,Gaser E,et al: The effects
of xenon or nitrous oxide supplementation on sys-
temic oxygenation and pulmonary perfusion during
one-lung ventilation in pigs. Anesth Analg 100:335,
2005.
127. Schwarzkopf K, Shreiber T, Preussler NP, et al: Lung
perfusion, shunt fraction, and oxygenation during
one-lung ventilation in pigs: The effects of desflu-
rane, isoflurane, and propofol. J Cardiothorac Vasc
Anesth 17:73, 2003.
128. Karzai W, Haberstroh J, Priebe HJ: The effects of
increasing concentrations of desflurane on systemic
oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in pigs.
Anesth Analg 89:215, 1999.
129. Schwarzkopf K, Shreiber T, Bauer R, et al: The
effects of increasing concentrations of isoflurane
and desflurane on pulmonary perfusion and syste-
mic oxygenation during one-lung ventilation in
pigs. Anesth Analg 93:1434, 2001.
130. Kleinsasser A, Lindner KA, Hoermann C, et al: Iso-
flurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in pigs with a
preexistant gas exchange defect. Anesthesiology
95:1422, 2001.
131. Nishiwaki K, Nyhan DP, Rock P, et al:
N
-nitro-l-
arginine and pulmonary vascular pressure-flow
relationship in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Heart
Circ Physiol 262:H1331, 1992.
132. Abe K, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I: Arterial oxygenation
and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation: A
comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane. Anesth
Analg 86:266, 1998.
133. Reid CW, Slinger PD, Lenis S: A comparison of the
effects of propofol-alfentanil versus isoflurane anes-
thesia on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ven-
tilation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10:860, 1996.
134. Beck DH, Doepner UR, Sinemus C, et al: Effects of
sevoflurane and propofol on pulmonary shunt frac-
tion during one-lung ventilation for thoracic
surgery. Br J Anaesth 86:38, 2001.
135. Kellow NH, Scott AD,White SA, Feneck RO: Com-
parison of the effects of propofol and isoflurane
anaesthesia on right ventricular function and shunt
fraction during thoracic surgery. Br J Anaesth
75:578, 1995.
136. Abe K, Shimizu T, Takashina M, et al: The effects of
propofol, isoflurane and sevoflurane on oxygena-
tion and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation.
Anesth Analg 87:1164, 1998.
137. Pruszkowski O,Dalibon N,Moutafis M,et al: Effects
of propofol vs sevoflurane on arterial oxygenation
during one-lung ventilation. Br J Anaesth 98:539,
2007.
138. Benumof JL, Augustine SD, Gibbons JA: Halothane
and isoflurane only slightly impair arterial oxygena-
tion during one-lung ventilation in patients under-
going thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 67:910, 1987.
139. Pagel P, Fu FL, Damask MC, et al: Desflurane and
isoflurane produce similar alterations in systemic
and pulmonary hemodynamics and arterial oxyge-
nation in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation
during thoracotomy. Anesth Analg 87:800, 1998.
140. Carlsson AJ, Bindslev L, Hedenstierna G: Hypoxia-
induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in the human
lung: The effect of isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthe-
siology 66:312, 1987.
141. Liu R, Ishibe Y, Ueda M, et al: Isoflurane adminis-
tration before ischemia and during reperfusion
attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury of
isolated rabbit lungs. Anesth Analg 89:561, 1999.
142. Doi S, Smedira N, Murray PA: Pulmonary vasore-
gulation by endothelin in conscious dogs after left
lung transplantation. J Appl Physiol 88:210, 2000.
143. Lennon PF, Murray PA: Pulmonary vascular effects
of isoflurane anesthesia after left lung autotrans-
plantation in chronically instrumented dogs. Anes-
thesiology 85:592, 1996.
144. Forster HV, Pan L, Lowry TF, et al: Important role
of carotid chemoreceptor afferents in control of
breathing of adult and neonatal mammals. Respir
Physiol 119:199, 2000.
145. Widdicombe J: Reflexes from the lungs and airways:
Historical perspective. J Appl Physiol 101:628,
2006.
146. Yu J: Airway mechanosensors. Respir Physiol Neu-
robiol 148:217, 2005.
147. Kubin L, Alheid G, Zuperku EJ, McCrimmon DR:
Central pathways of pulmonary and lower airway
vagal afferents. J Appl Physiol 101:618, 2006.
148. Taylor-Clark T, Undem BJ: Transduction mecha-
nisms in airway sensory nerves. J Appl Physiol
101:950, 2006.
149. Horner RL,Bradley TD: Update in sleep and control
of ventilation 2006. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
175:426, 2007.
150. Ward DS, Temp JA: Neuropharmacology of the
control of ventilation.
In
Yaksh TL, Lynch C III,
Zapol WM, et al (eds): Anesthesia: Biologic Foun-
dations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
151. Solomon IC: Excitation of phrenic and sympathetic
output during acute hypoxia: Contribution of
medullary oxygen detectors.Respir Physiol 121:101,
2000.
152. Stucke AG, Zuperku EJ, Tonkovic-Capin V, et al:
Sevoflurane depresses glutaminergic neurotrans-
mission to brainstem inspiratory premotor neurons
but not postsynaptic receptor function in a decere-
brate dog model. Anesthesiology 103:50, 2005.
153. Stucke AG, Zuperku EJ, Krolo M, et al: Sevoflurane
enhances
g
-aminobutyric acid type A receptor
function and overall inhibition of inspiratory pre-
motor neurons in a decerebrate dog model. Anes-
thesiology 103:57, 2005.
154. Carl ML, Schelegle ES, Hollstein SB, et al: Control
of ventilation during lung volume changes and per-
missive hypercapnia in dogs. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 158:742, 1998.
155. Sant’Ambrogia G, Widdecombe J: Reflexes from
airway rapidly adapting receptors. Respir Physiol
125:33, 2001.
156. De Troyer A, Brunko E, Leduc D, et al: Reflex inhi-
bition of canine inspiratory intercostals by dia-
phragmatic tension receptors. J Physiol 514:255,
1999.
157. Burton MD, Kazemi H: Neurotransmitters in
central respiratory control. Respir Physiol 122:111,
2000.
158. Gonzalez C, Agapitoa M, Rochera A, et al: Chemo-
reception in the context of the general biology of
ROS. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 157:30, 2007.
159. Parkes MJ: Breath-holding and its breakpoint. Exp
Physiol 91:1, 2005.
160. Gourine AV: On the peripheral and central chemo-
reception and control of breathing: An emerging
role of ATP. J Physiol 568:715, 2005.
161. Fung ML, Ye JS, Fung PC: Acute hypoxia elevates
nitric oxide generation in rat carotid body in vitro.
Pflugers Arch 442:903, 2001.
162. Teppema L, Berkenbosch A, Olievier C: Effect of
N
omega-nitro-l-arginine on ventilatory response to
hypercapnia in anesthetized cats. J Appl Physiol
82:292, 1997.
163. Iturriaga R: Nitric oxide and carotid body chemo-
reception. Biol Res 34:135, 2001.
164. Fourcade HE, Stevens WC, Larson CPJ, et al: The
ventilatory effects of Forane, a new inhaled anesthe-
tic. Anesthesiology 35:26, 1971.
165. Calverley RK,Smith NT,Jones CW,et al:Ventilatory
and cardiovascular effects of enflurane anesthesia
during spontaneous ventilation in man. Anesth
Analg 57:610, 1978.
166. Lockhart SH, Rampil IJ,Yasuda N, et al: Depression
of ventilation by desflurane in humans.Anesthesio-
logy 74:484, 1991.
167. Doi M, Ikeda K: Respiratory effects of sevoflurane.
Anesth Analg 66:241, 1987.
168. Hickey RF, Severinghaus JW: Regulation of brea-
thing: Drug effects.
In
: . Hornbein TF (ed): Regula-
tion of Breathing. Lung Biology in Health and
Disease vol 17. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1981.
169. Eger EII: Isoflurane: A review. Anesthesiology
55:559, 1981.
170. Winkler SS,Nielsen A,Mesina J: Respiratory depres-
sion in goats by stable xenon: Implications for CT
studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11:496, 1987.
171. Holl K, Nemati N, Kohmura E, et al: Stable-xenon-
CT: Effects of xenon inhalation on EEG and cardio-
respiratory parameters in the human. Acta
Neurochir 87:129, 1987.
172. Fourcade HE, Larson C, Hickey RF, et al: Effects of
time on ventilation during halothane and cyclopro-
pane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 36:83, 1972.
173. Warltier DC, Pagel PS. Cardiovascular and respira-
tory actions of desflurane: Is desflurane different
from isoflurane? Anesth Analg 75:517, 1992.
174. Brown K,Aun C, Stocks J, et al: A comparison of the
respiratory effects of sevoflurane and halothane in
infants and young children. Anesthesiology 89:86,
1998.
175. Eger EI, Dolan WM, Stevens WC, et al: Surgical
stimulation antagonizes the respiratory depression
produced by Forane. Anesthesiology 36:544, 1972.
176. Einarsson S, Bengtsson A, Stenqvst O, et al: Decrea-
sed respiratory depression during emergence from
anesthesia with sevoflurane/N
2
O than with sevoflu-
rane alone. Can J Anaesth 46:335, 1999.
177. Whittenridge D, Bulbring E: Changes in the activity
of pulmonary receptors in anesthesia and their
influence on respiratory behavior. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 81:340, 1944.
178. Nishino T, Anderson JW, Sant’Ambrogio G: Effects
of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on laryngeal
receptors in dogs. Respir Physiol 91:247, 1993.
179. Nishino T, Anderson JW, Sant’Ambrogio G: Res-
ponses of tracheobronchial receptors to halothane,
enflurane, and isoflurane in anesthetized dogs.
Respir Physiol 95:281, 1994.
180. Moores C, Davies AS, Dallak M: Sevoflurane has
less effect than halothane on pulmonary afferent
activity in the rabbit. Br J Anaesth 80:257, 1998.
181. Pappas AL, Sukhani R, Lurie J, et al: Severity of
airway hyperreactivity associated with laryngeal
mask airway removal: Correlation with volatile
anesthetic choice and depth of anesthesia. J Clin
Anesth 13:498, 2001.
182. Klock PAJ, Czeslick EG, Klafta JM, et al: The effect
of sevoflurane and desflurane on upper airway reac-
tivity. Anesthesiology 94:963, 2001.
183. Arain S, Shankar H, Ebert TJ: Desflurane enhances
reactivity during the use of the laryngeal mask
airway. Anesthesiology 103:495, 2005.
184. Eshima RW, Maurer A, King T, et al: A Comparison
of airway responses during desflurane and sevoflu-
rane administration via a laryngeal mask airway
for maintenance of anesthesia. Anesth Analg
96:701, 2003.